2020-06-10
689
There are several scales for measuring temperature. On the Centigrade scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 100º (one hundred degrees), its freezing point is at 0º (zero). The equivalent points on the Fahrenheit scale are at 212º and32º.
When it is necessary to convert temperature readings from the Fahrenheit scale to the Centigrade, we subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9.
Sometimes scientists use the Absolute scale (Kelvin) in which the temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero is -273.1ºC.
The instruments measuring temperature, the thermometers, are nearly identical but each has a different scale. Most thermometers use mercury as an agent and we call them mercury thermometers. But at temperatures below -39ºC mercury freezes a solid. And so for measuring very high and very low temperatures we use electrical thermometers.
Text 19
Задание 1. Прочитайте вслух выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 2. Переведите выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. When did Alexander Popov demonstrate his “stormindicator”?
2. What was the “stormindicator”?
3. What role do radio and television play in the modernworld?
4. In how many languages are programmes to other countriesconducted?
5. What is the aim of Russian radio andTV?
Задание 4. Определите видовременную форму подчеркнутыхглаголов.
RADIO AND TV MARCH AHEAD
More than 100 years passed since the day when the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his "storm indicator" which was the prototype of modern radio receivers.
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Great progress has been made in radio engineering, radio communications, radio broadcastings and television since that time. We have become so used to these means of communication that we can't imagine our life without them.
In the modern world, radio and television play an important role as a mass media of information and as a means of people's political and cultural education.
There is hardly a spot on the whole vast territory of Russia where there is no radio. The voice of Russian radio is heard all over the world. Today a great number of radio broadcasting stations in our country transmit all-day long programmes to other countries in about 50 languages.
Modern means of radio engineering cover the greater part of the globe with long, medium and ultra-short radio waves. New radio stations are being built and equipped with the most modern instruments.
Television is also developing rapidly in our country. At present Russia has a TV system which is among the largest in the world. It includes 120 TV centres which make their own programmes. The construction of the world's biggest television centre, the Moscow centre, which is housed in the 533- metre high Ostankino television tower had been completed by 1970. All programmes which are broadcast by the Moscow centre are in colour. TV broadcasts go out from Moscow every day on about 15 channels and total about 200 hours of broadcasting in every 24-hour period. There is a regular international exchange of TV programmes as well. Our television is linked up with Intervision and Eurovision international systems.
The aim of Russian radio and TV is to provide listeners and viewers with an objective review of events taking place in Russia and in the world.
Text 20
Задание 1. Прочитайте вслух выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 2. Переведите выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 3. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. In what form does the information from space come to theEarth?
a) in the form of words; b) in a coded form; c) in a decodedform.
2. Why should the ground-based receiving antennas be verybig?
a) because radio information from space should bedecoded;
b) because radio signals from space are verystrong;
c) because radio signals from space areweak.
3. How do cosmonauts communicate with theEarth?
a) by television only; b ) by radio and television channels; c) by radiochannels.
Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов и словосочетаний, данных ниже:
1. Thereisа.......................... connection channel between the Earth andspaceships.
2. Radio waves serve as a most … … connecting spaceships with theEarth.
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3. The information is transmitted from rockets and spaceships by....... … ….
4. We can see cosmonauts thanks to............... … ….
5. The information comes to the Earthin a......... form.
radio waves; television transmitters; coded; reliable means; two-way
Задание 4. Определите видовременную форму подчеркнутогоглагола.
RADIO AND TV IN OUTER SPACE
Radio waves serve as a most reliable means connecting the spaceship with the Earth. Since the time when the first rocket was sent into space, there is always a two-way communication channel between the Earth and space. The most valuable information is transmitted to the Earth from rockets and spaceships by radio waves. The information from space comes to the Earth in a coded form and here it is decoded into the language clear tothespecialists. Radio signals which are sent to the Earth from space are much weaker than those which are emitted by radio stations on the Earth. That is why the ground-based receiving antennas should be very big. The greater the antenna area, the more reliable is the reception. Here on the Earth we not only hear the voices of our cosmonauts but can also see them thanks to the television transmitters which are set up in the spaceship cabin. The cosmonauts use portable TV cameras to send telecasts from their space home and show the televiewers the Earth and the Moon. And so in addition to two-way radio communication there is a two-way television channel from the Earth — to space and back. Outer space is a gigantic natural laboratory.Here people can observe and study new phenomena, discover laws of nature and then use their knowledge for the benefit of mankind. And here radio and TV are of great help.
Text 21
Задание 1. Прочитайте вслух выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 2. Переведите выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 3. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. The new computer is equippedwith...
a) various commands; b) an arithmetical logical device; c) specialventilation.
2. The arithmetical logical device is known to be adjustedby...
a) technicians; b) the operator; c) computers of a higher level.
3. The memory device is basedon...
a) the microaccumulator; b) semiconductors; c) automaticswitches.
4. The memory device keeps information for several days even with the power supply unplugged because...
a) it is switched over to themicroaccumulator;
b) it is very small in size andweight;
c) it is adjusted by computers of a higherlevel.
Выберите фразы, определяющие характеристики и функции микрокомпьютера.
1. The main characteristicsare:
2. Its functionsare:
a) it is resistant to temperaturefluctuations;
b) it receivesdata;
c) it is small in size andweight;
d) it does not require specialventilation;
e) it calculates the optimumconditions;
f) it is reliable and easy tooperate;
g) it supplies signals for the control of technologicalprocesses.
Задание 4. Определите видовременную форму подчеркнутыхглаголов.
A NEW MICROCOMPUTER
An entirely new microcomputer has been developed in our country. The microcomputer is equipped with an arithmetical logical device which carries pre-set programmes. Because of this the microcomputer can perform various logical functions. In other words, it possesses a solving field for various commands. It is comparatively easy to change commands or add newones.
The arithmetical logical device is known to be adjusted by computers of a higher level. The memory device based on semiconductors keeps information for several days, even with the power supply unplugged. In this case the microcomputer automatically switches over to the microaccumulator.
The new computer is very small in size and weight, resistant to temperature fluctuations, reliable and easy to operate. It does not require special ventilation. It can be used in computer control complexes as an information-processing unit and also as a built-in computer in various analysing and display devices. It receives data, calculates the optimum conditions and supplies signals for the control of technological processes.
Text 22
Задание 1. Прочитайте вслух выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 2. Переведите выделенный отрывок текста.
Задание 3. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. What is the purpose of the traffic control electronicsystem?
a) to drivetrains;
b) to improve trafficroutes;
c) to make the work of traffic controllerseasier.
2. What information will the computer give thecontroller?
a) the information on the weatherconditions;
b) the full information on the conditions on theline;
c) the information on the winddirection.
3. What will the computer advise thedrivers?
a) to choose necessary variants of trainformation;
b) to drive freighttrains;
c) with which speed they should drivetrains.
Переведите слова и сочетания в скобках, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. The train operation system will make it possible (управлять) and regulate traintraffic.
2. Computer centres exist on each(железнодорожнойлинии).
3. The computer will advise the drivers with which speed they should(вестипоезда).
4. Computers will help to (значительно) reduce the intervals of train(движение).
5. Traffic controllers (управляют) the movement of trains on the most intensive lines. considerably; railway line; drive trains; to control; movement;direct
Задание 4. Определите видовременную форму подчеркнутыхглаголов.
