Who discovered electricity?

Требования по оформлению контрольной работы.

1.Контрольная работа состоит из 2-х блоков: «Лексического» и «Грамматического». Блок заданий по грамматике является общим для всех вариантов, блок заданий по лексике выбирается студентом в соответствии с номером его фамилии в учебном журнале группы.

2.Контрольная работа выполняется в обычной ученической тетради в рукописном варианте (в объёме 18-20 страниц); если тетрадь в клетку, то писать следует через одну клетку.

3.На титульном листе указывается наименование учебного заведения, специальность, группа, шифр, вариант, фамилия, имя, отчество автора работы, на следующей странице указываются номера заданий и записываются ответы на вопросы к тексту, а также выполняются задания по грамматике и лексике.

4.Работа должна быть выполнена аккуратно, грамотно, сокращения в тексте не допускаются. Небрежно оформленные, написанные неразборчивым почерком работы не принимаются.

5.В конце работы приводится перечень использованной литературы, ставится дата выполнения работы и подпись студента. Записывая литературу, не забудьте указать фамилию, инициалы автора, место издания, издательство, год издания.

 

 

Варианты контрольных работ для 2 курса.

 

Контрольная работа для 2 курса каждого варианта состоит из 3-х заданий.

Задания №1 и №2 –это задания по лексике; задание №3-это задание по грамматике, оно является общим для всех вариантов.

 

 

№ студента	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
№ варианта	7	11	9	6	8	10	9	3	5	2	4	1	11	8	5	3	1	6	9	10	4	11	7	8	2

Блок заданий по лексике.

Вариант№1

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

“ Types of cars” The very first freight cars are known to have been used in coal mines in England. They were open-top wagons which had wooden wheels and were pulled by horses along wooden rails. They were followed by platform cars. Later, covered cars came into existence. As time went on and railways had to carry more and more freight, bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Today, the railways have several classes of freight cars. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered cars. It is a general-purpose car invented to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. A special type of box car is a refrigerator-car used for hauling food products. The walls, floor and roof of this wagon are air and waterproof to protect goods from the heat of the outside air.

Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be conveyed in open-top cars, principal types of these being the gondola and hopper car. Both types are designed for mechanized loading and unloading and therefore built especially strong and durable. The simplest type of car is the flat car. Being usually employed for transportation rails, beams, timber and heavy machines, they if fitted with special devices can also carry containers. The early passenger cars were copied after stage-coaches and were very small and uncomfortable. In England, the carriages for the first class passengers had three compartments with soft seats and doors at either side. There was a high seat at the back for the guard, the baggage being carried on the roof. The second class carriages also were bad and primitive. As to the third class passengers, they had to ride in uncovered wagons having no seats at all. The early trains had neither lightning nor heating. We know the passenger rolling stock of today to comprise several types of cars. There exist sleeping and dining cars coaches for day and night service etc. The modern rolling stock is built with two types of inside arrangement. One is the compartment type with a side corridor, and the other is the open vehicle with a central passage. Many innovations have been introduced in car construction since the early days. Modern carriages are made of lightweight steel, aluminum and plastics. The application of these materials has resulted in considerable reduction of the rolling stock weight and, in addition, has increased the resistance of cars to corrosion.

Вопросы к тексту:

1. Where were the very first freight cars used?
2. What is the common type of covered cars?
3. What is the simplest type of car?
4. What is a special type of box car?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания: to prevent goods from spoiling, to carry vegetables from the South, breakage, cars employed by railways, commodities packed by the factory, firmly fastened bulkheads, long-distance trains, sleeping cars, improvement, operation, to modernize as many cars as possible.

Вариант№2

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

“ Box cars, tank cars and refrigerators.”

The boxcars constitute another large class of freight wagons. Boxcars are primarily employed to transport valuable commodities and products requiring protection from weather or breakage. There are special boxcars used by different railroads to carry automobiles and their parts. These cars are provided with a special device used to hold motor cars securely in place for safe transportation. Some cars can accommodate a double row of automobiles, one set above the other, thus doubling the capacity of the wagon. As a rule, boxcars are used to carry goods in packaged form. Sometimes movable bulkheads are used to hold bags, boxes, barrels of different sizes and shapes in place. But sometimes shipments destined for different places are loaded in the same car. By using bulkheads firmly fastened to side walls it is possible to divide the wagon into compartments so that freight for a single station can be packed in a single compartment. The refrigerator car is also considered to be a special car used for transporting meat, fruit, vegetables, fish etc., which must be kept cold to prevent them from spoiling. The walls, floor and roof of these cars are to be water-proof, air-tight and they are to be insulated. It is the refrigerator car which makes it possible for people living in the most distant places to have fresh fruits and vegetables all the year round. Some freight is to be carried in liquid or semi-liquid form. The transportation of such freight requires a large number of specialized cars, called tank cars. The products carried in these cars include different oils, acids, compressed gases, wine milk, etc. Special linings are used to prevent tank damage from contamination of products, some tanks being made of aluminum, others being lined with rubber, lass, enamel or stainless steel.

Вопросы к тексту:

1. With what aim are special boxcars used?
2. With what device are these cars provided?
3. What can you say about refrigerator?
4. What cars are used to carry some freight in liquid and semi-liquid form?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

bulk materials – сыпучие материалы,

 firmly fastened bulkheads - прочно закрепленные перегородки,

 specially designed cars – специально разработанные вагоны,

 carefully packed goods - тщательно упакованные товары,

 greatly improved car designs - значительно улучшенные конструкции вагонов,

 contamination of products - загрязнение продуктов,

 to prevent tank from damage - чтобы предотвратить повреждение цистерны,

 modern passenger cars – современные пассажирские вагоны,

 sleeping cars – спальные вагоны,

 baggage - багаж,

 long-distance trains – поезда дальнего следования,

 the future of transport – будущее транспорта.

Вариант № 3

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

“ Road transport. Traffic rules.”

Every year several thousand people are killed on the roads, others are injured.

Traffic regulations are international nowadays. But special regulations valid for one country only are also to be taken into consideration. Traffic in Russia is on the right-hand side of streets and roads with traffic way wide enough for several cars moving abreast in one direction. It is forbidden to drive in the left-hand lane if the right -hand lane is free. In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motorcars, motor vans, buses and cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the right. Accidents are often caused by carelessness. There are rules that help to make the roads safe, but people do not always obey the rules. They are careless. If everybody obeys the rules, the road will be much safer. Before crossing the road, stop and look both ways. Look right, look left, look right again. Then, if you are sure that the road is clear, that there is nothing coming, it is safe to cross the road.

To brake a moving car it is necessary to use only foot brakes provided with a hydraulic drive for all four wheels. The braking path depends on the car speed and condition of the road surface. On the wet road and at hight speeds the car should be braked in time and smoothly, with the clutch engaged. The parking brake (hand brake) serves to hold the car in place. It should be used when the car is stopped by means of a foot brake on a level road or on a steep grade. Don't forget that the parking brake acts as the foot brake. Moreover, when it is used on a moving car side-slipping might occur, especially on a wet road as the parking brake does not act directly on the wheels.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) Are traffic rules identical in all the countries?

2) What side does the traffic keep to in Russia?

3) What countries have left-hand traffic?

4) What is the main reason of many accidents on the roads?

Задание№2. Переведите следующие слова и предложения:

to injure, abreast, carelessness, rule, sign, braking path, to depend on, condition, lane, to forbid, to take into consideration, valid, rear, side-slipping, to occur, parking brake, to stop a moving car, a two-set cab, speed limit, emergency brake application, to make the roads safe

Вариант №4

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

" Protection of the environment."

Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. It causes global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, and other disastrous processes. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing crops. Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world. The pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. Exhaust from cars causes air pollution, but the car provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and produce goods that people need. Too many fertilizers or pesticides can ruin soil, but they are important aids for the growing of crops. Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. But pollution can be gradually reduced. Scientists and engineers should work hard to find the ways to lessen the amount of pollution. Governments should enforce laws that require enterprises or individuals to stop or to reduce certain polluting activities. Radiation is an invisible pollutant that can be highly dangerous. Nuclear radiation comes from radioactive substances, including waste from nuclear weapons testing and from nuclear power plants. Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic devices including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, TV sets, and X-ray machines. International agreements ban most testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. However, the amount of radioactive waste is constantly increasing. Scientists are permanently studying the ways to eliminate these wastes safely.

Вопросы к тексту:

1. What is the main problem of the environment?
2. What do people dirty the air with?
3. What do people poison the water?
4. What do people damage the soil with?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

ecological problems, to reduce air pollution, to throw old batteries in the trash, toxic chemicals, a recycling centre, litter, to pick up litter, a great threat to the environment, the danger for the life and health of the man, to pollute the air, the water and the land.

Вариант№5

Задание № 1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

Who discovered electricity?

The story of the discovery of electricity is connected with the name of Thales, the Greek philosopher. The story goes that one day Thales rubbed a piece of amber against his sleeve and found to his great surprise that it attracted small bits of dried leaves. After further experimenting he concluded that this attractive force was a property that amber alone possessed. He called this characteristic “electricity” because the Greek word for amber was electron. Thales' great discovery remained a curiosity for more than two thousand years. Then many other substances were found to have this curious property of electricity too. Naturally the people of the past had no idea of what electricity was. They thought of it as”rays” or “stream” that passed from the rubbed material. There were scientists who thought electricity to be a sort of “fluid” that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes. Later many of them found out that electricity was made of tiny particles of some kind. In this way they tried to separate electricity into individual particles. There were some attempts to weigh a single particle of electricity and calculate its electric charge. This was one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by a man, for a single electric particle weighs only about half a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound, it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean. Now we know these electric particles to be electrons.

When a large number of electrons break away from their atoms and move through the wire, we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire and the electrical ” fluid” that scientists of the past talked about is nothing else than electrons flowing along a wire. A lot of scientists worked in the field of electricity doing their best to make the life of people good and happy.

 

Вопросы к тексту:

1. What did Thales, the Greek philosopher, notice once?
2. What did Thales call that property of amber?
3. What is the Greek word for amber?
4. What did people think of electricity?

Задание №2 Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания: to rub, amber, to attract, bit, attempt, to remain, the attractive force, a property, to flow through the wire, a single particle of electricity, tiny, curious, to weigh.

Вариант№6

Задание № 1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

"Moscow Metro."

In 1931 it was decided to start preparations for the building of the Metro in Moscow. In the spring of 1932 the project drawn up by Soviet engineers and architects was endorsed. Thousands of young specialists and mine workers, construction workers from the Donbas and from Moscow region, from the Urals, and Dneprostroi went underground into Metro shafts and tunnels. In a short time (it was called a record time by the world press) the first line was constructed. More than eleven kilometers of track connected the Sokolniki district with the Gorky Park district. There were ten stations on this line. The construction work was done in difficult geological conditions, of a kind never encountered by European or American Metro builders. So this day saw the first section of a double track line 8 miles long put into operation. The Metro was opened on May 15,1935. Since then building work on the Metro has not stopped for a single day. Even at the time when the fascist hordes were near Moscow, the Metro builders continued their work. After the war the scale of construction increased considerably. The construction of the belt line was completed and it connected all the radial routes. The new routes and stations began appearing in new housing districts. Some of the lines go overland, across new bridges and aqueducts. Moscow's rapidly increasing population, the growth of its industrial enterprises and cultural institutions required the capital to have efficient and convenient means for accommodating passenger traffic. The people of our country wanted the Metro to be the best in the world. There are many stations in the Metro; their surface buildings and underground halls are spacious, well ventilated and well lit. They differ widely in architectural design and are decorated with marble, bronze, aluminum and glass. The present Metro coaches are much better than the early ones. They are considerably lighter in weight, and the seats are soft. Muscovites and the visitors to the city do not have to wait long for trains, for the interval between them is always short. “Clever” machines have appeared in the Metro recently. An experimental automatic driver conducts trains according to the time-table and stops precisely as required. The Moscow Metro is developing rapidly. The capital is growing, and Metro lines are being constructed every year.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) When was it decided to start the building of Moscow Metro?

2) By whom was the Moscow Metro built?

3) When was the Moscow Metro opened?

4) Why is this metro so important for our capital?

Задание №2 Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

to develop rapidly, lines of the Moscow Metro, an automatic driver, according to the time-table, to be considerably in weight, a double-track line, mine workers, passenger traffic, to be well ventilated and lit, metro builders, the growth of enterprises, to be decorated with marble.

Вариант №7