2020-06-30
634
"Requirements to modern passenger cars"
The passenger is supposed to expect safety, speed and comfort from the railway. Therefore safety has always remained the first essential, though it has already reached a very high level compared to the other modes of transportation. In the field of speed, considerable progress is considered to have been made by wide use of electric and diesel traction both on main and suburban lines. It is possible now to increase maximum speeds to 250 km/h. Medium speed of about 170 km/h is to become normal in Europe. It is not so easy to define the concept of comfort. During the journey it is necessary to ensure safety, relaxation and facilitate such activities as reading, conversation or taking refreshments. Therefore, the seat is to be one of the fundamental comfort factors both from physiological and psychological points of view. In fact, it must enable passengers of different weight, height and stoutness to relax, doze, sleep and write, eat or drink, all during the journey which may last several hours and even days. First of all, the passengers is expected to pay attention to the external appearance of the rolling stock. The latter should look as attractive as possible. Then, the passenger should be able to board the train without difficulty which is possible at stations with high platforms. One must be able to find his seat quickly, to get rid of his luggage and to be able to enjoy the inside temperature in contrast with that on the platform which can sometimes be either very high or very low. Besides that good running qualities must also give a feeling of safety and a low noise is very important as well. Some railways have developed designs of rocket -looking locomotives and cars of bright colours and their tourist cars are often double-deckers, often called" bi-level" cars.
Вопросы к тексту:
1) What do passengers expect from the railway?
2) What maximum speed is increased by wide use of electric and diesel traction?
3) What requirements must meet seats for passengers?
4) Can you tell about the requirements to comfort factors of passenger cars?
Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
wheelbase, brakes, emergency, partition, for passing with safety, by making the trucks very strong, the absence of signaling, the danger of travelling, the car lighting and heating systems, the most uncomfortable car seats, the fastest way of transportation.
Вариант №10
Задание №1
Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему.
“ Electric shock. Safety Electric System.”
The strength of current depends on both the voltage and on the resistance in a circuit. A current of 50 ma id a dangerous for a man, it may result in an electric shock. One gets an electric shock in case one touches live conductors when the power is on. And a current of 100 ma and higher is lethal. Thus, before working on a circuit, deenergize it and work on it with the power off.
Earthing system serves to protect attending personnel from electric shocks when voltage appears on parts that are normally dead. The risk of an electric shock decreases with decreasing voltage. In wet and hot atmosphere the risk of electric shock increases. Safe voltage for circuits used in dry atmosphere is under 36 V. When the power is on contracts with live conductors are dangerous for life. When a live conductor is touched with both hands the resistance of the conductor is from 10,000 to 50,000 ohms. When a live conductor is touched with one hand the resistance is much higher.The higher is the body resistance, the smaller is the current that flows through the body. Take it into consideration and work with one hand if the power is on! Or work on the circuit with the power off!
Thus measures are taken to protect attending personnel from contacts with live parts of installations under voltage.
The danger of electric shock disappears provided the metal parts of installations under voltage are connected with ground by means of safety earthing. Connecting to ground is made by means of measuring devices. The faulty parts should be detected,
eliminated, and replaced by new ones.
Вопросы к тексту:
- What does the strength of current depend on?
- What does electric shock result from?
- What does an earthing system serve for?
- In what case does the risk of electric shock decrease?
Задание № 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
protection from an electric shock, dangerous,safe, earthing system, voltage, the strength of current, overhead and underground lines,conductors, transmission lines, to transmit by power networks, power consumption.
Вариант № 11
