2020-06-30
1056
- How do the workers prepare the right-of-way?
- On which foundation are ties and rails laid upon?
- How have the methods of railroad building changed in recent years?
- What is the modern method of railway construction?
- What efficient machines are used in track construction?
- What makes railways so popular in our life?
- What must railways ensure the passengers with?
- How do railways test the condition of the track?
- How do the railwaymen call a strip of land on which the railway is built?
- What machines are used in order to prepare the strip of land for the construction of a railway?
“ The track construction”
It is not an easy job to build a railway. The railway is built on a strip of land which is called the right-of-way (полоса отвода).
The right-of-way must be carefully prepared for laying down the tracks. At first, it must be cleared from trees, bushes and then graded (выравнивать) by special machines known as grades.
After the right-of-way is cleared and graded the permanent way is constructed. Ties and rails are laid upon the ballast foundation and the ballast is packed between the ties and on each side of the track to hold the ties in place.
The methods of railroad building have changed greatly in recent years. The greatest change has been the replacement of hand labor by machines, such as powerful bulldozers, huge excavators, scrapers, grades, etc.
The most modern method of railway construction is laying the track in pre-assembled (сборный) lengths, that is, the lengths of rails to which the sleepers are already attached. This work is carried out by a high-speed track-laying crane, a wonderful machine which lays pre-assembled lengths of track in a few minutes. One of the most efficient machines of this kind is the Platov track-laying crane an output of 900-1000 meters of track per hour.
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Today's railways would not be so popular but for the ever increasing speed. Super-high speeds, however, go hand in hand with safety. Indeed, no passenger would dare to go by rail unless the railways were able to ensure safe travel.
Safety depends on many factors. First of all, it is determined by the condition of the track. Track-testing cars driven slowly along the lines show the engineer where the track must be repaired and a great deal of track maintenance machines are available to keep the track well maintained.
Задание №2.Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
railway track, sleepers, gauge, load, vehicle, permanent way, temporary, durable, length, track laying work, formation construction requirements, rolling stock, suburban operations, commuter, fare, railway transport needs, high speed railway traffic.
Задание № 3.Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните глаголы- сказуемые, определите время и название действия.
- Electronic computers have appeared on railroads of many countries. Railways introduced a new type of freight cars for transporting cement.
- Today more powerful machines are being developed to speed up the process of building railways. The combination of rails, ballast and ties is known as the railroad track.
- Powerful locomotives are used to draw long trains. Ballast is the element of the track which supports ties and rails and holds them in position.
- Now sleepers on high-speed lines are made of concrete. In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.
- Long -welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds. Railroads are used for transportation of freight and for travel.
- A special mechanizm is used on railways to make the trains pass from one track to another. Railways have become the most efficient and the safest means of transportation.
- The sleepers for high speed railways are made of concrete. The gauge on Russian railways is wider than in European countries.
- A wide network of railways has been electrified. The greater weight of concrete sleepers provide the greater stability of track.
- Russia was the word's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted by all railways. The place where the ends of the rails
meet in the track is known as the rail joint.
- The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track. The train reduces its speed when it is coming up to the station.
Вариант № 12
