Времена группы простых времен. Настоящее простое время

(The Present Simple Tense)

       Простое настоящее время образуется при помощи     

1-ой формы глагола (инфинитива). Третье лицо единственного числа образуется при помощи прибавления окончания –s к инфинитиву.

Данное время употребляется для обозначения постоянного, повторяющегося действия в настоящем, а также для выражения действия, происходящего в момент речи с глаголами, которые не употребляются в длительных временах. Проспрягаем глагол to work в данном времени и образуем вопросительную и отрицательную форму:

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I work You work He works She works It works We work They work	Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do they work?	I do not/ don’t work You do not/ don’t work He does not/ doesn’t work She does not/ doesn’t work It does not/ doesn’t work We do not/ don’t work They do not/ don’t work

 

Спряжение глагола to be в простом настоящем времени:

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I am/ I’m You are/ you’re He is/ he’s She is/ she’s It is/ it’s We are/ we’re They are/ they’re	Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they?	I am not/ I’m not You are not/ you’re not (aren’t) He is not/ he’s not (isn’t) She is not/ she’s not (isn’t) It is not/ it’s not (isn’t) We are not/ we’re not (aren’t) They are not/ they’re not (aren’t)

 

Спряжение глагола to have в простом настоящем времени:

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
В значении «иметь, обладать» have = have got
I have/ have (I’ve) got   You have/ have (you’ve) got   He has/ has (he’s) got   She has/ has (she’s) got   It has/ has (it’s) got   We have/ have (we’ve) got   They have/ have (they’ve) got	Do I have?/ Have I got? Do you have?/ Have you got? Does he have?/ Has he got? Does she have?/ Has she got? Does it have?/ Has it got? Do we have?/ Have we got? Do they have?/ Have they got?	I don’t have/ haven’t got You don’t have/ haven’t got He doesn’t have/ hasn’t got She doesn’t have/ hasn’t got It doesn’t have/ hasn’t got We don’t have/ haven’t got They don’t have/  haven’t got

 

 

Например:

She has (got) nice manners? But she has (got) a quick temper.

Have you got any objections to this proposal?

Do they have many English books?

I don’t have/ I haven’t got a car.

 

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
1. В устойчивых сочетаниях со значением деятельности или однократного действия: to have breakfast (dinner, lunch, supper, coffee, tea), to have a cup of tea (a meal, a break, a snack, a drink), to have a bath (a wash, a shower, a walk, a nap, a swim), to have fun, (a rest, a holiday, a good time), to have a bad dream, to have an accident, to have difficulties, to have a row, to have a look (a go, a say, a word)
I have You have He has She has It has We have They have	Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have?	I don’t have You don’t have He doesn’t have She doesn’t have It doesn’t have We don’t have They don’t have

 

Например:

We always have lunch at one.

Do you have trouble with the police?

I don’t like to have dinner alone.

 

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
2. В значении долженствования с оттенком вынужденности, на русский язык часто переводимое как «приходиться» have to
I have You have He has She has It has We have They have	Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have?	I don’t have You don’t have He doesn’t have She doesn’t have It doesn’t have We don’t have They don’t have

 

Например:

He has to visit his grandmother every day. Ему приходится навещать свою бабушку каждый день.

На простом примере вспомним четыре основные вопросительные формы в английском языке:

Children go to school every day.

1. Общий вопрос: Do children go to school every day?

2. Специальные вопросы:

Who goes to school every day?

Where do children go every day?

When (How often) do children go to school?

В качестве вопросительных слов в специальных вопросах употребляются:

Who?, Whom?, Whose?, What?, Which?, When?, Where?, Why?, How?, How many?, How much?, How old?, How far? и т.д.

3. Альтернативные вопросы:

Do children or grown-ups go to school every day?

Do children go to school every day or not?

4. Разделительный вопрос:

Children go to school every day, don’t they (do they not)?

Прошедшее простое время (The Past Simple Tense)

Прошедшее простое время образуется при помощи присоединения окончания -ed к инфинитиву, если глагол является правильным или при помощи второй формы глагола (по таблице).

Прошедшее простое время употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося в прошлом и не связанного настоящим, а также последовательного или обычно повторяющегося действия в прошлом:

He went to school last year.

Глаголы в простом прошедшем времени имеют следующие вопросительные и отрицательные формы:

 

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I arrived You saw He smiled She cried It snowed We met They played	Did I arrive? Did you see? Did he smile? Did she cry? Did it snow? Did we meet? Did they play?	I did not/ didn’t arrive You did not/ didn’t see He did not/ didn’t smile She did not/ didn’t cry It did not/ didn’t snow We did not/ didn’t meet They did not/ didn’t play

 

Спряжение глагола to be в прошедшем простом времени:

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I was You were He was She was It was We were They were	Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were they?	I was not/ wasn’t You were not/ weren’t He was not/ wasn’t She was not/ wasn’t It was not/ wasn’t We were not/ weren’t They were not/ weren’t

 

Следует помнить, что в английском языке существуют другие способы описания привычных, повторяющихся действий. Например:

1. Оборот used to + инфинитив:

She used to dislike Fred, but now she likes him. Раньше она не любила Фрэда, а сейчас он ей нравится.

2. Модальный глагол would + инфинитив:

When I studied at school I would always get up at 7 o’clock. Когда я учился в школе, я всегда вставал в семь часов.