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18. Переведите предложения:
1. Like many plants, a tree begins from a seed.
2. If there were no seeds inside each tree, new trees would never appear.
3. If seeds didn’t get enough food, water and sunlight they would grow badly.
4. If seeds grew badly they would never sprout.
5. If seeds didn’t sprout they would never grow into seedlings.
6. If seeds didn’t grow into seedlings they wouldn’t grow into saplings.
7. If seedlings didn’t grow into saplings they would never become trees.
8. If saplings didn’t grow into trees there wouldn’t produce new seeds.
19. Разделитесь на подгруппы. Прочитайте и переведите один из текстов. Составьте 3-5 условных предложений или предложений в сослагательном наклонении (Если бы …/Если бы не …) на русском языке или выберите 3-5 предложений из приведённых ниже. Предложите студентом из другой подгруппы перевести их на английский язык. Обсудите правильно ли был сделан перевод.
a) In 2007 Greece experienced the worst year on record for forest fires. Extremely hot and dry weather conditions in Greece, combined with strong winds led to a disastrous upsurge of forest fires and wildfires.
Heavy - duty water bombing helicopters from Italy, Spain, France and Portugal helped to bring the fires under control.
On the 6th of July 2007 the strong wind fuelling the fires dropped and fire-fighters were able to prevent the fires from spreading.
Specialists from other European countries - aircraft crews, fire-fighters, logisticians, and others – helped to solve the problem with the fire.
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b) Fires, both man-made and natural, contribute to forest loss. Fire is the oldest method used to clear land for farming and other uses, and it is still widely used in many countries. This is a concern not only because of the added threat to biodiversity and other natural systems – deforestation, especially resulting from fire, is also a key emitter of carbon dioxide.The objective of fighting a forest fire is the prevention of damage to people, property and assets. In addition it significantly contributes to environmental protection.
c) Next year summer is forecast to be extremely hot. Specialists are concerned with the high probability of forest fires. The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) will issue reports on forest fires of the last year and draw fire danger maps. It will also update daily satellite images of hot spots and fire perimeters. The information on forest fires will be reliable and up to date.
What is needed to fight forest fires? Good financing, experienced and well trained personnel, specialized aircraft and land equipment, volunteer teams, prevention measures, up to date monitoring systems, joint efforts of fire services from different countries.
Борьба с лесными пожарами была бы наиболее продуктивной, если бы она финансировалась лучше. Если бы специалисты по борьбе с лесными пожарами были хорошо подготовлены, они могли бы предсказывать вероятность возникновения пожаров. Если бы те, кто борется с лесными пожарами имели бы достаточно специализированной техники, они могли бы быстро подавлять (extinguish, supress) пожары на начальной стадии (initial stage). Если случается лесной пожар, он часто становится причиной потери леса. Если нужно очистить участок земли под сельское хозяйство, используют метод управляемого пожара (controlled burning). Если результатом пожара является обезлесение, то это приводит к увеличению выброса углерода в атмосферу.
20. Просмотрите приведённую ниже информацию и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Which countries have the highest forest cover?
2. How many people depend on forests this or that way?
3. How many countries have less than 10 percent forest cover?
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4. The annual deforestation rate in the world?
5. How many people are employed in the formal forestry sector worldwide?
! Обратите внимание, что информация, приведённая ниже соответствует данным за последние 5 лет. Проверьте, является ли она всё ещё верной. При необходимости, откорректируйте информацию.
According to FAO data:
1.
Top Ten Countries With Largest Forest Area (According to figures of 2007)
| rank | country | area km2 | % of land area covered by forest |
| 1 | Russian Federation | 8 085 986 | 49.4 |
| 2 | Brazil | 4 714 920 | 55.7 |
| 3 | Canada | 3 101 340 | 34.1 |
| 4 | USA | 3 034 070 | 33.1 |
| 5 | China | 2 054 056 | 22 |
| 6 | Australia | 1 632 912 | 21.3 |
| 7 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 329 707 | 58.7 |
| 8 | Indonesia | 847 522 | 46.8 |
| 9 | Peru | 685 536 | 53.6 |
| 10 | India | 677 598 | 22.8 |
2. Forests are home to 300 million people around the world.
More than 1.6 billion people depend to varying degrees on forests for their livelihoods, e.g. fuelwood, medicinal plants and forest foods.
About 60 million indigenous people are almost wholly dependent on forests.
Some 350 million people who live within or adjacent to dense forests depend on them to a high degree for subsistence and income.
In developing countries, about 1.2 billion people rely on agroforestry farming systems that help to sustain agricultural productivity and generate income.
Mangrove forests, which cover about 15 million hectares worldwide, are essential to the life cycles of the majority of the world's commercial fish species.
3. Ten countries or areas have no forest at all and an additional 54 have forest on less than 10 percent of their total land area.
4. Around 13 million hectares of forest were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year in the last decade (2000-2010) compared to 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s.
5. Global employment in the formal forestry sector - 14 million people (2006).
