Dental caries and pulpitis

DISEASES OF THE TEETH.

GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS. PARTICIPLES

Active vocabulary. Learn the following words:

1. poor oral hygiene 2. general state of health 3. a common disease 4. to suffer from 5. consumption 6. lesion 7. to occur 8. to cause 9. severe pain 10. to spread 11. to result in 12. to result from 13. due to (because of) 14. arrest a disease 15. quadrant 16. to enhance 17. pledget 18. cotton-wool roll 19. magnification 20. magnifying loupe 21. accurate 22. radiograph 23. incipient 24. deposits of calculus 25. alternatively 26. probe 27. to facilitate 28. operative dentistry 29. foramina 30. reversible pulpitis 31. irreversible pulpitis

1. плохая гигиена полости рта 2. общее состояние здоровья 3. распространенное заболевание 4. страдать (от), болеть чем - либо 5. потребление 6. поражение, повреждение 7. иметь место, происходить 8. вызывать, являться причиной 9. сильная боль 10. распространяться 11. приводить к, вызывать 12. быть результатом 13. вследствие, из-за 14. купировать заболевание 15. сектор 16. усиливать, увеличивать 17. тампон 18. круглый ватный тампон 19. увеличение 20. увеличительное стекло, лупа 21. точный 22. рентгеновский снимок 23. начинающийся, начальный 24.  твердые зубные отложения 25. в качестве альтернативы 26. зонд 27. способствовать, облегчать 28. терапевтическая стоматология 29. отверстие 30. обратимый пульпит 31. необратимый пульпит

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

развиваться, из-за, в зависимости от, острое течение, ряд зубов, наиболее распространенное заболевание, прежде всего, потребление сладкого, приводить к, поражать, воспаление, чувствительный, продолжаться, пломбирование зуба.

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into Russian

due to poor oral hygiene

diseases may run an acute course

to control dental caries

early treatment of carious lesions

if caries remains untreated

microorganisms can gain entrance into the pulp

mortification and removal of the pulp tissue

 

Exercise 3. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text: intake, caries, because of, a wide-spread disease, to get into the pulp, first of all, to start, to develop.

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the active vocabulary:

1. Caries, pulpitis and periodontitis are ________of the mouth.

2. The patient was still in bed because his _________ was bad.

3. You have three teeth with _________

4. Diseases of the teeth ____________ due to poor oral hygiene.

5. Pulpitis is ___________by microorganisms that gain entrance to the pulp.

6. In case of __________you should see a dentist immediately.

7. Untreated caries may ________ pulpitis.

8. I_________ a severe toothache and had to see a dentist.

Exercise 5.

A) Translate the following derivatives: dissolve - solvent, solution, insoluble result - resultant

severe - severely, severity

cause - causal, causative, causeless

occur - occurrence, recur, recurrence, recurrent

sense - sensation, sensibility, sensitive

B) Translate the sentences:

1. A lesion is a change in some part of the body caused by an injury or a disease.

2. The earliest clinically visible evidence of enamel caries is a white or brown spot lesion.

3. Modern dentistry states that the best way of managing caries is by prevention.

4. This substance is insoluble in water.

5. The dentist gave her an injection to reduce the sensitivity of the nerves.

6. It is the doctor's duty to relieve the patient's sufferings.

7. It was necessary to extract the causative tooth.

8. Substances which are difficult or impossible to digest are called indigestible.

9. Sensibility is explained as the ability to feel and transmit impulses, impressions, stimuli, etc.

10. Sensation is a kind of feeling as a result of a particular type of stimulation, something of which one becomes aware through the use of one's senses.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the following text into Russian:

DENTAL CARIES AND PULPITIS

Diseases of the teeth develop primarily due to poor oral hygiene but the general state of health is also of some importance. Depending on the state of the whole body diseases of the teeth may run a more acute course and may quickly involve a number of teeth.

Dental caries (tooth decay) and pulpitis are probably the most common of all diseases of the highly developed countries. All groups of population can suffer from tooth decay.

The main causes of dental caries are poor oral hygiene, the character of nutrition (high consumption of sweets), the temperature of the food and physiological state of the human body. The disease begins with decalcification of the enamel and ends in destruction of the hard dental tissues. Carious lesions usually occur in those parts of the teeth that cannot be well cleaned by a toothbrush, the molars being most frequently affected.

If caries is left untreated microorganisms can gain entrance into the pulp and cause its inflammation (pulpitis). During pulpitis teeth are sensitive to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli. Spontaneous severe pains are the most characteristic symptom of pulpitis. The pains may spread over the jaw, ear or temple. They may be very severe and last for a long time. Pulpitis may result in gangrene of the pulp and its decomposition.

The treatment of pulpitis must consist in mortification and removal of the pulp tissue and filling the tooth.

DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries is a disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth caused by the action of micro-organisms on fermentable carbohydrates. It is characterized by demineralization of the mineral portion of enamel and dentine followed by disintegration of their organic material. As the disease approaches the pulp, it produces changes in the form of reactionary dentine and pulpitis (possibly giving pain), and may result in bacterial invasion and death of the pulp. The infected necrotic pulp then produces further changes in the periapical tissues.

On the other hand, the disease can be arrested in its early stages since it is possible for remineralization to occur. In addition, progress of the disease

to a clinical cavity is not inevitable, and can be completely prevented by relatively simple measures.

Four factors are necessary to produce dental caries:

• dental plaque

• a suitable carbohydrate (mainly sugar)

• a susceptible tooth surface

• time.

Unfortunately, caries presents symptomatically at a relatively late stage. The patient may feel a 'hole in a tooth' with the tongue, brown or black discoloration or cavities may be seen, or frank pain may be suffered.

Caries, even in dentine, is not painful per se, but cavitation may occasionally cause a mild pain with sweet things or with heat or cold. Normally, the enamel and the necrotic dentine insulate the sensitive dentine and pulp from these stimuli. However, a much more common cause of pain, which may be intense, is pulpitis (the commonest 'toothache') which occurs late in the development of a carious lesion when caries is very close to the pulp or actually exposing it.

There are four approaches to the management of caries:

• attempt to arrest the disease by preventive measures

• remove and replace the carious tissues (operative dentistry)

• a combination of these two approaches

• extract the tooth.

Early diagnosis of the carious lesion has become even more important since the realization that caries is not simply a process of demineralization but an alternating process of destruction and repair. Saliva is an excellent remineralizing fluid and the balance can be tipped in favour of repair by modifying diet, careful use of fluoride, and removing plaque.

PULPITIS

Pulpitis may be painful or painless, but even the painless form may become painful in response to certain stimuli. For example, the tooth with painless pulpitis may become painful when percussed or may produce pro-longed pain in response to electrical or thermal stimulation. Pulpitis may produce spontaneous pain, which may become severe.

Pulpitis does not always develop from caries. It may result from trauma, internal resorption or both. Apparently, pulpitis from caries is reversible until the pulp is invaded by microorganisms. Its reversibility then depends on the number and virulence of the organisms and on therapy. Following invasion of the pulp by microorganisms, the prognosis for prolonged pulp viability is poor.

Irreversible pulpitis continues to progress at varying rates through the pulp chamber and along the root canal. This progression leaves the contents of the pulp chamber necrotic or filled with pus and unable to respond to electrical or thermal stimuli. As the disease process passes through the apical foramina, it becomes apical periodontitis. Reversible pulpitis is treated by sedative dressings, while irreversible pulpitis is managed with endodontic therapy or extraction of the tooth.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the following text and summarize it: