История Европы / Норман Дэвис; пер. с англ. Т.Б. Менской. — М.: ACT: Транзиткнига, 2005. — 943, [1] с: ил., 32 л. ил.
ISBN 5-17-024749-4 (ООО «Издательство ACT»)
ISBN 5-9578-1011-8 (ООО «Транзиткнига»)
Книга английского ученого Нормана Дэвиса «История Европы» охватывает всю историю жизни народов, заселивших огромную территорию от Исландии до Волги. Автор не упустил ни одного из значительных событий от палеолита до распада СССР в 1991 г. Строгое изложение колоссального фактологического материала сопровождается включением в текст неожиданных мнений, забавных и трагических эпизодов, рельефных портретов, оживляющих широкую панораму развития европейского континента. Книга написана живым и доступным языком и будет интересна всем любителям истории.
УДК 63.3(4) ББК 94(4)
© Norman Davies, 1996
© Перевод. Т.Б. Менская, 2004
© ООО Издательство «ACT», 2004
Электронное оглавление
Электронное оглавление.................................................................................... 3
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ................................................................................................. 11
Карта 1. Полуостров около 10000 лет до РХ.............................................................. 12
ОТ АВТОРА........................................................................................................ 13
ОТ ИЗДАТЕЛЕЙ РУССКОЙ ВЕРСИИ......................................................... 16
ЛЕГЕНДА О ЕВРОПЕ...................................................................................... 17
Карта 2. Королева Европа (Regina Europa)................................................................ 19
ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ.................................................................................................. 20
Историография сегодня.................................................................................. 20
Концепции Европы......................................................................................... 24
Европоцентризм............................................................................................... 29
Карта 3. ВОСТОК – ЗАПАД: линия деления Европы................................................. 31
Западная цивилизация.................................................................................................................... 31
Национальные истории................................................................................................................... 39
Две несостоятельные концепции................................................................................................. 42
Союзническая схема истории........................................................................................................ 44
Евроистория......................................................................................................................................... 46
Европейская история....................................................................................................................... 48
I. PENINSULA. Среда обитания и доисторическая эпоха........................................ 49
Карта 4. Европа: физические регионы......................................................................... 50
УКРАИНА.................................................................................................................. 53
ЗАВЕЩАНИЕ....................................................................................................... 53
АЛЬПЫ....................................................................................................................... 55
СЕН-ГОТАРД............................................................................................................. 56
ЗУНД........................................................................................................................... 57
ФАРЕРСКИЕ ОСТРОВА.......................................................................................... 58
DANUVIUS (ДУНАЙ).............................................................................................. 60
СБОР ВИНОГРАДА.................................................................................................. 61
С14................................................................................................................................ 62
СОБИРАТЕЛЬ-ОХОТНИК...................................................................................... 64
ЛОССЕЛЬ................................................................................................................... 64
ТАММУЗ.................................................................................................................... 66
ВИНО.......................................................................................................................... 67
ГЖАНТИЯ (GGANTIJA).......................................................................................... 68
DASA.......................................................................................................................... 68
SAMPHIRE (МОРСКОЙ УКРОП)........................................................................... 71
ТРОН........................................................................................................................... 71
ТОЛЛУНД.................................................................................................................. 72
1628 г. до н.э. Кносс. Крит................................................................................................................ 74
Карта 5. Древнейшие эгейские цивилизации: второе тысячелетие до н.э................................................ 77
II. HELLAS. Древняя Греция.......................................................................... 80
Карта 6. Европа праисторическая............................................................................... 82
ЭКОЛОГИЯ................................................................................................................ 83
NOMISMA.................................................................................................................. 84
ВАРВАРЫ.................................................................................................................. 85
ХЕРСОНЕС................................................................................................................ 85
МАССАЛИЯ.............................................................................................................. 87
ПРЯНОСТИ И БЫК................................................................................................... 88
OMPHALOS (ПУП ЗЕМЛИ).................................................................................... 89
ЭПОС.......................................................................................................................... 90
КАДМ.......................................................................................................................... 92
MOUSIKE................................................................................................................... 93
ЭДИП.......................................................................................................................... 94
SCHOLASTIKOS....................................................................................................... 95
ИСТЕРИЯ................................................................................................................... 96
ЭЛЕКТРОН................................................................................................................. 96
АРХИМЕД.................................................................................................................. 97
АТЛЕТЫ..................................................................................................................... 97
DEMOS..................................................................................................................... 100
МАКЕДОНИЯ.......................................................................................................... 102
ПАПИРУС................................................................................................................ 104
ЧЕРНАЯ АФИНА.................................................................................................... 105
Сиракузы, Сицилия, 1-й год 141-й Олимпиады.................................................................... 105
Карта7. Рим – Сицилия – Карфаген........................................................................... 107
Карта 8.............................................................................................................................. 111
III. ROMA. Древний Рим, 753 г. до н. э. — 337 г. н. э...................................... 112
AUC........................................................................................................................... 113
ЭТРУСКОСТЕРИЯ1................................................................................................ 114
ВИА ЭГНАЦИЯ....................................................................................................... 115
AQUILA.................................................................................................................... 116
АКВИНК................................................................................................................... 118
АРИЦИЯ................................................................................................................... 119
CEDROS.................................................................................................................... 120
САМОС..................................................................................................................... 120
СПАРТАК................................................................................................................. 122
NOMEN..................................................................................................................... 123
ЗАКОН...................................................................................................................... 125
НАДПИСИ............................................................................................................... 127
LUDI.......................................................................................................................... 130
КОНДОМ.................................................................................................................. 132
ИЛЛИРИЯ................................................................................................................ 133
ЛУГДУНУМ............................................................................................................ 134
ПАНТА..................................................................................................................... 136
Христианство.................................................................................................................................... 138
КРЕСТ....................................................................................................................... 138
АПОКАЛИПСИС.................................................................................................... 139
ЦЕЛОМУДРИЕ........................................................................................................ 141
ПАСХА..................................................................................................................... 142
ДЬЯВОЛ.................................................................................................................... 143
КАТАКОМБЫ......................................................................................................... 144
Босфор, 4 ноября 1079 г. от основания Рима........................................................................... 146
Карта 9.............................................................................................................................. 147
IV. ORIGO. Рождение Европы, 330-800 гг. н.э.............................................. 151
Миграция и расселение.................................................................................................................. 152
Карта 10............................................................................................................................ 153
ЧАБА......................................................................................................................... 154
ТРИСТАН................................................................................................................. 157
ФУТАРК................................................................................................................... 159
LIETUVA.................................................................................................................. 160
НИБЕЛУНГИ........................................................................................................... 161
EPIDEMIA................................................................................................................ 163
ХАЗАРЫ................................................................................................................... 164
Империя: от Рима до Византии, 330—867 гг........................................................................... 166
ПАЛЕОГРАФИЯ..................................................................................................... 167
TEICHOS................................................................................................................... 168
ИКОНА..................................................................................................................... 170
ЦЕРЕМОНИАЛ....................................................................................................... 172
Подъем ислама, 622-778 гг............................................................................................................ 173
Текст молитвы на арабском......................................................................................... 175
MEZQUITA............................................................................................................... 176
Христианская церковь в эпоху вселенских соборов, 325-787 гг...................................................... 177
ИНДЕКС................................................................................................................... 178
РУФИН..................................................................................................................... 179
ЗЕВС.......................................................................................................................... 180
БРИТО....................................................................................................................... 181
ANNO DOMINI........................................................................................................ 182
БОМ........................................................................................................................... 183
КАНТУС ПЛАНУС................................................................................................. 184
REVERENTIA........................................................................................................... 185
Распространение христианства, 395-785 гг............................................................................ 186
АЙОНА..................................................................................................................... 188
КОМПОСТЕЛА [САНТЬЯГО-ДЕ-КОМПОСТЕЛА]............................................................ 188
ПРОКАЗА................................................................................................................. 189
БИБЛИЯ.................................................................................................................... 190
Карта 11............................................................................................................................ 193
V. MEDIUM. Средние века, ок. 750-1270 гг................................................... 197
750-1054 гг........................................................................................................................................... 198
Карта 12............................................................................................................................ 198
ДИРХЕМ................................................................................................................... 199
ТИНГ......................................................................................................................... 200
БРИ............................................................................................................................ 201
МАДОННА.............................................................................................................. 202
ПАПЕССА................................................................................................................ 203
АГОБАРД................................................................................................................. 204
ПФАЛЬЦ (РЕЗИДЕНЦИЯ)..................................................................................... 205
КРАЛЬ....................................................................................................................... 206
ЛЛАНФЕА................................................................................................................ 207
АФОН....................................................................................................................... 214
БОГОМИЛЫ............................................................................................................ 215
НОВГОРОД.............................................................................................................. 218
ЭЙРИК...................................................................................................................... 219
MECCA..................................................................................................................... 220
1054-1268 гг........................................................................................................................................ 221
ПРАЗДНИКИ........................................................................................................... 223
ГЕТТО....................................................................................................................... 224
ГАНЗА...................................................................................................................... 225
МАРСТОН................................................................................................................ 227
НРАВЫ..................................................................................................................... 229
СИД........................................................................................................................... 230
КСАТИВА................................................................................................................ 231
ТАЙНО СГОВАРИВАТЬСЯ.................................................................................. 232
ГОТИКА................................................................................................................... 235
ДАНЕБРОГ............................................................................................................... 239
HEJNAL.................................................................................................................... 241
БУДА......................................................................................................................... 241
МУРАНО.................................................................................................................. 243
ПЛУГ......................................................................................................................... 244
Карта 13............................................................................................................................ 246
VI. PESTIS. Христианский мир в кризисе, ок. 1250-1493 гг................................... 251
Карта 14............................................................................................................................ 252
ЦЫГАНЕ (ROMANY)............................................................................................. 253
ЗАДРУГА................................................................................................................. 255
НИКОПОЛЬ............................................................................................................. 256
КАББАЛА................................................................................................................. 258
КОНКЛАВ................................................................................................................ 260
COMPUTATIO (СЧЕТ И УЧЕТ)............................................................................. 262
МАГИЯ..................................................................................................................... 264
ANGELUS................................................................................................................. 265
МОНТЕЛЛУ............................................................................................................. 266
PROSTIBULA (ПРОСТИТУЦИЯ)......................................................................... 268
ALTMARKT (СТАРАЯ ПЛОЩАДЬ)..................................................................... 269
РОСТОВЩИЧЕСТВО............................................................................................. 270
ТАБАРД.................................................................................................................... 271
ОХОТА..................................................................................................................... 274
РЕНТА....................................................................................................................... 275
ГУЛЬФИК................................................................................................................ 277
МИКРОБ................................................................................................................... 280
TEMPUS (ВРЕМЯ, ТЕМП)...................................................................................... 281
MERCANTE (КУПЕЦ)............................................................................................ 286
ПЕЧАТНЫЙ СТАНОК........................................................................................... 288
MATRIMONIO [БРАК]........................................................................................... 289
ВЛАД......................................................................................................................... 290
GONCALVEZ........................................................................................................... 292
DEVIATIO (ДИССИДЕНТСТВО).......................................................................... 293
ГОСУДАРСТВО...................................................................................................... 294
Карта 15............................................................................................................................ 296
VII. RENATIO. Ренессанс и Реформация, ок. 1450-1670 гг.................................... 303
Карта 16............................................................................................................................ 303
БАЛЕТ....................................................................................................................... 304
БИЧЕВАНИЕ........................................................................................................... 306
ЛЕОНАРДО.............................................................................................................. 307
SINGULARIS [ЕДИНСТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО].......................................................... 311
GESANG................................................................................................................... 313
Твердыня наша — наш Господь,......................................................................... 313
Канон Таллиса (LM)............................................................................................. 314
ХОЛИЗМ [ЦЕЛОСТНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ЧЕЛОВЕКУ]............................................................ 315
УТОПИЯ................................................................................................................... 316
СИРОП...................................................................................................................... 316
ФАУСТ..................................................................................................................... 318
ИНКВИЗИЦИЯ........................................................................................................ 320
ПРОПАГАНДА....................................................................................................... 321
МЕНОККИО............................................................................................................ 323
ЛЕСБИЯ.................................................................................................................... 327
СИФИЛИС............................................................................................................... 329
ИНФАНТА............................................................................................................... 330
КОРВИН................................................................................................................... 335
ДОЛЛАР................................................................................................................... 337
ORANGE................................................................................................................... 338
АЛХИМИЯ............................................................................................................... 340
ОПЕРА...................................................................................................................... 341
ФЛАМЕНКО............................................................................................................ 341
PICARO..................................................................................................................... 343
ВАЛЬТЕЛИНА......................................................................................................... 344
БАТАВИЯ................................................................................................................. 346
АЛЬКОФРИБАС..................................................................................................... 346
NEZ (HOC)................................................................................................................ 347
TORMENTA (ПЫТКИ)........................................................................................... 348
НОСТРАДАМУС.................................................................................................... 349
БАРД......................................................................................................................... 351
БЛАРНИ................................................................................................................... 352
ТЕРЕМ....................................................................................................................... 358
УСКОКИ................................................................................................................... 358
ЭЛЬ ГРЕКО............................................................................................................... 359
HEXEN (ВЕДЬМЫ)................................................................................................. 361
Карта 17............................................................................................................................ 365
Карта 18............................................................................................................................ 369
VIII. LUMEN. Просвещение и абсолютизм, ок. 1650-1789 гг................................. 370
КАПИТАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ СЕЛЬСКОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО........................................................ 373
ШЛЯХТА.................................................................................................................. 374
ПУГАЧЕВ................................................................................................................. 376
СОНАТА................................................................................................................... 378
СТРАДИВАРИ......................................................................................................... 379
ЭРОС......................................................................................................................... 381
ЭЙЛЕР....................................................................................................................... 384
РЫНОК..................................................................................................................... 385
COMENIUS.............................................................................................................. 389
Романтизм — ярлык, которым принято прикрывать множество грехов.................................................. 391
ГУСИНЫЙ ШАГ..................................................................................................... 391
CRAVATE................................................................................................................. 393
ЛЛОЙД...................................................................................................................... 394
ЭЛЬЗАС.................................................................................................................... 397
GROTE MARKT....................................................................................................... 399
КОРСИКА................................................................................................................ 401
ЛЛОЙД...................................................................................................................... 402
МАСОНЫ................................................................................................................. 404
PHILIBEG................................................................................................................. 406
BASERRIA................................................................................................................ 408
ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЕ.................................................................................................. 408
ELDLUFT.................................................................................................................. 410
ШКИПЕРИЯ............................................................................................................. 411
ГРОССЕНМЕЕР....................................................................................................... 414
РУСЬ......................................................................................................................... 418
ПОТЕМКИН............................................................................................................. 419
КАНТАТА................................................................................................................ 421
ВЕЛИКИЙ ПРОЕКТ................................................................................................ 422
Карта 19............................................................................................................................ 427
IX. REVOLUTIO. Буря на Континенте, ок. 1770-1815 гг........................................ 431
Карта 20............................................................................................................................ 432
Прелюдия............................................................................................................................................ 433
ЖАККАРД................................................................................................................ 435
FREUDE (РАДОСТЬ).............................................................................................. 437
«GENUG» («ДОВОЛЬНО»).................................................................................... 438
Революция.......................................................................................................................................... 442
GAUCHE (ЛЕВЫЕ).................................................................................................. 443
VENDEMIAIRE (ВАНДЕМЬЕР)............................................................................ 446
ГИЛЬОТЕН............................................................................................................... 446
NOYADES................................................................................................................ 451
ШУАНЫ................................................................................................................... 451
ROUGE [КРАСНОЕ]............................................................................................... 452
FEMME..................................................................................................................... 456
Революционная война 1792—1815............................................................................................ 457
СТРАСБУРГ............................................................................................................. 458
TOR [БРАНДЕНБУРГСКИЕ ВОРОТА]................................................................ 459
METRYKA................................................................................................................ 461
ГРИЛЛЕНШТЕЙН................................................................................................... 461
СЛАВКОВ................................................................................................................ 463
ФИАЛКИ.................................................................................................................. 464
ИЛЛИРИЯ................................................................................................................ 465
БУБУЛИНА............................................................................................................. 465
КАВКАЗСКАЯ РАСА............................................................................................. 467
GUERRILA (ПАРТИЗАНЫ)................................................................................... 468
NORGE (НОРВЕГИЯ)............................................................................................. 469
HEPTANESOS.......................................................................................................... 470
ТРОФЕИ................................................................................................................... 471
ГАГАУЗЫ................................................................................................................ 472
МИРСКИЙ ЗАМОК................................................................................................ 473
МАЛЕ........................................................................................................................ 473
ХРАМ ХРИСТА СПАСИТЕЛЯ.............................................................................. 474
Карта 21............................................................................................................................ 476
Карта 22............................................................................................................................ 481
X. DYNAMO. Мировой двигатель, 1815-1914 гг.......................................... 483
БЕНЦ......................................................................................................................... 488
ФОТО........................................................................................................................ 489
МОВЕИН.................................................................................................................. 491
ДЖИНСЫ................................................................................................................. 492
САНИТАРИЯ........................................................................................................... 493
БЛАГОТВОРИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ.................................................................................. 494
ПАРНАС................................................................................................................... 498
ДОСУГ...................................................................................................................... 498
ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ............................................................................................................. 502
ОБЕЗЬЯНА............................................................................................................... 503
БЕРНАДЕТТА.......................................................................................................... 506
СИЛЛАБУС.............................................................................................................. 507
ПРАДО...................................................................................................................... 510
ГОТА......................................................................................................................... 511
АБХАЗИЯ................................................................................................................. 517
КАЛЕВАЛА.............................................................................................................. 518
ШАМАН................................................................................................................... 518
ЛЕОПАРД (GATTOPARDO).................................................................................. 522
АРМИНИЙ............................................................................................................... 523
ГЕНЫ........................................................................................................................ 526
ГОЛОД...................................................................................................................... 527
Социализм............................................................................................................................. 529
Европейское еврейство...................................................................................................... 534
ПОГРОМ.................................................................................................................. 535
Антисемитизм....................................................................................................................... 537
Европейский империализм............................................................................................... 538
ВЕНСКОЕ ЕВРЕЙСТВО......................................................................................... 538
БОКСЕРЫ................................................................................................................. 540
ЧЕРНОБЫЛЬ........................................................................................................... 542
Модернизм............................................................................................................................ 542
Е=МС2....................................................................................................................... 543
ЗВУК......................................................................................................................... 543
БЕЗРАССУДСТВО.................................................................................................. 544
Декадентство........................................................................................................................ 545
ДЕТИ......................................................................................................................... 546
ТУР ДЕ ФРАНС....................................................................................................... 547
Международные отношения............................................................................................ 548
IMPRESSION........................................................................................................... 548
КОМБРЕ................................................................................................................... 549
НОБЕЛЬ.................................................................................................................... 552
ЭЙЛЕНБУРГ............................................................................................................ 554
КОНОПИШТЕ......................................................................................................... 555
Карта 23............................................................................................................................ 558
XI. TENEBRAE. Затмение в Европе, 1914-1945 гг....................................... 569
Карта 24............................................................................................................................ 569
Первая мировая война в Европе, 1914-1921........................................................................... 571
ЛАНГЕМАРК........................................................................................................... 573
ДУОМОН................................................................................................................. 573
ПЕТРОГРАД............................................................................................................ 574
ФЛОРА..................................................................................................................... 575
ГЕНОЦИД................................................................................................................ 576
ТРУС......................................................................................................................... 577
ЛИЛИ........................................................................................................................ 577
ФАТИМА................................................................................................................. 580
СОВКИНО................................................................................................................ 582
НЕНАВИСТЬ........................................................................................................... 583
ЛЫЧАКОВ............................................................................................................... 585
ШЛЕЗВИГ................................................................................................................. 587
БНР............................................................................................................................ 589
КОНАРМИЯ............................................................................................................ 592
Период между войнами.................................................................................................................. 593
Карта 25. The New Europe, 1917-1922........................................................................ 595
СОЦИАЛИСТЫ....................................................................................................... 595
ЭСТОНИЯ................................................................................................................ 598
БЕСПЛОДНАЯ ЗЕМЛЯ.......................................................................................... 604
"АННАЛЫ".............................................................................................................. 605
ТОН........................................................................................................................... 606
ВОРКУТА................................................................................................................. 610
ЖАТВА..................................................................................................................... 611
СМЕРТЬ.................................................................................................................... 613
ЗЛОЙ ДУХ................................................................................................................ 614
САРАЕВО................................................................................................................. 621
ADELANTE [ВПЕРЕД]............................................................................................ 622
ФАРАОН.................................................................................................................. 624
«Коллективная безопасность»......................................................................................... 624
ХОССБАХ................................................................................................................ 626
СУСАНИН............................................................................................................... 630
Вторая мировая война в Европе, 1939-1945 гг.67.................................................................... 632
Карта 26. Европа во время Второй мировой войны, 1939-1945 г........................................................... 633
Германо-советское партнерство (сентябрь 1939 — июнь 1941 гг.)............................................................. 634
КАТЫНЬ................................................................................................................... 636
ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ ВАЛЮТНЫЙ СОЮЗ................................................................ 638
МОЛДОВА............................................................................................................... 640
ЧЕРНОВЦЫ............................................................................................................. 641
Господство нацистов в Европе (июнь 1941— июль 1943 гг.).................................................................... 641
СМОЛЕНСК............................................................................................................. 642
ЛАТВИЯ................................................................................................................... 643
RESPONSA............................................................................................................... 645
БАТАЛЬОН -101...................................................................................................... 647
ТЭЗЕ.......................................................................................................................... 647
ОСВЕНЦИМ (АУШВИЦ)...................................................................................... 649
ОКСФОРДСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ................................................................................. 651
БУЧАЧ...................................................................................................................... 654
ДЁНХОФФ............................................................................................................... 661
ПРОТАСКИВАНИЕ ПОД КИЛЕМ, КИЛЕВАНИЕ.............................................. 661
Пятница, 19 октября 1945 г., Нюрнберг128............................................................................... 663
Карта 27............................................................................................................................ 665
Карта 28............................................................................................................................ 669
XII. DIVISA ET INDIVISA. Европа разделенная и нераздельная, 1945- 1991 гг 670
Конец Великого альянса, 1945-1948 гг..................................................................................... 670
Западная Европа, 1945-1985 гг.................................................................................................... 677
Нейтральные государства............................................................................................................. 690
Восточная Европа, 1945-1985 гг.................................................................................................. 692
СССР: избранные показатели производства............................................................ 696
Отношения Востока и Запада: «Холодная война» в Европе, 1948-1989 гг..................................... 705
Интеграция и дезинтеграция, 1985-1991 гг............................................................................. 710
Карта 29............................................................................................................................ 719
14 февраля 1992 г., Саммертаун...................................................................................... 719
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ............................................................................................... 724
Глава 1........................................................................................................................................ 729
Глава 2........................................................................................................................................ 730
Глава 3........................................................................................................................................ 731
Глава 4........................................................................................................................................ 732
Глава 5........................................................................................................................................ 734
Глава 6........................................................................................................................................ 735
Глава 7........................................................................................................................................ 737
Глава 8........................................................................................................................................ 739
Глава 9........................................................................................................................................ 741
Глава 10..................................................................................................................................... 743
Глава 11..................................................................................................................................... 748
Глава 12..................................................................................................................................... 755
Сокращения в картах..................................................................................... 758
СПИСОК КАПСУЛ........................................................................................ 759
Список сокращений в тексте......................................................................... 764
ЗАМЕТКИ К ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМ............................................................... 765
Часть 1........................................................................................................................................ 765
Часть 2........................................................................................................................................ 767
ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.............................................................................. 770
А................................................................................................................................................... 770
Б.................................................................................................................................................... 772
В................................................................................................................................................... 776
Г.................................................................................................................................................... 778
Д................................................................................................................................................... 781
E.................................................................................................................................................... 783
Ж.................................................................................................................................................. 783
3.................................................................................................................................... 784
И.................................................................................................................................................... 784
Й.................................................................................................................................................... 785
К.................................................................................................................................................... 785
Л.................................................................................................................................................... 790
M................................................................................................................................................... 792
H................................................................................................................................................... 797
О.................................................................................................................................................... 798
П.................................................................................................................................................... 799
P.................................................................................................................................................... 801
С.................................................................................................................................................... 803
Т.................................................................................................................................................... 806
У.................................................................................................................................................... 807
Ф................................................................................................................................................... 808
X.................................................................................................................................................... 810
Ц.................................................................................................................................................... 810
Ч.................................................................................................................................................... 810
Э.................................................................................................................................................... 812
Ю.................................................................................................................................................. 813
Я.................................................................................................................................................... 814
ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ.......................................................... 815
Иллюстрации.................................................................................................... 848
1. Прогулка Европы....................................................................................................... 848
2. Собиратели и охотники............................................................................................ 848
3. Рыбак минойской эпохи........................................................................................... 849
4. Кноссский принц........................................................................................................ 849
5. Пир.................................................................................................................................. 850
6. Этрускерия................................................................................................................... 850
7. Аркадская идиллия.................................................................................................... 851
8. Похищение сабинянок.............................................................................................. 851
9. Смерть Зигфрида........................................................................................................ 852
10. Аттила захватывает Рим, 452............................................................................... 852
11. Православие.............................................................................................................. 852
12. Западное монашество............................................................................................ 853
13. Подношения Константину.................................................................................... 853
14. Славянское литургия.............................................................................................. 854
15. Католическое благочестие................................................................................... 854
16. Св. Августин.............................................................................................................. 855
17. Св. Карл Великий..................................................................................................... 855
18. Св. Матфей................................................................................................................. 856
19. Св. Иоанн Креститель и блаж. Иероним........................................................... 856
20. Божья Матерь........................................................................................................... 857
21. Св. Иоанн Богослов диктует Евангелие Прохору.......................................... 857
22. Св. Лука-иконописец............................................................................................... 857
23. Богородица................................................................................................................ 858
24. Приношение Отгона III.......................................................................................... 858
25. Завоевание Англии.................................................................................................. 859
26. Северный крестовый поход.................................................................................. 859
27. Перемирие в Реконквисте....................................................................................... 859
28. Последняя песнь Тристана.................................................................................... 860
29. Железный плуг.......................................................................................................... 860
30. Охота на оленя......................................................................................................... 860
31. Влюбленный Данте................................................................................................. 861
32. Раздумье Бартоломеи............................................................................................. 861
33. Св. Франциск благословляет птиц...................................................................... 862
34. Король Казимир принимает евреев.................................................................... 862
35. Picaro............................................................................................................