Intonation

Accordingly coordinate phrases are subdivided into the following subclasses:

1. syndetic phrases, which fall into 2 subclasses:

a. Simple phrases with continuous conjunctions (and, but, or, as well as, along with)
E.g. She refused everything but a piece of bread.

b. Correlative phrases with discontinuous conjunctions (both and, either or, neither nor, not only but)

2. Asyndetic coordinate phrases fall into 2 subclasses.

a. Copulative – when conjunctions can be inserted between the immediate constituents.
E.g. He was hot (and) hungry (and) tired.

b. Appositive phrases. Immediate constituents of appositive phrases refer to the same person or object, that’s why they do not allow insertion of any construction.
E.g. king Lear, grammarian Blumkins.

Predicative phrases consist of 2 parts: subjectival and predicatival.

E.g. subjectival predicatival

She didn’t expect meto come up to her.
The relations between subjectival and predicatival are similar to those of the subject and the predicate, but predicatival can never be expressed by a finite verb. That’s why predicative phrases can’t function as independent units. The person or thing expressed by the subject of the sentence and the subjectival are different.

All predicative phrases are subdivided into bound and absolute.

Bound predicative phrases are grammatically connected with the verb predicate of the sentence. These phrases are not isolated. They function as extended adjuncts. They may be expressed by the following constructions:

1. Objective with the infinitive.
E.g. Nobody saw him leave the room.

2. Objective participial construction.
E.g. Nobody saw him leaving the house.

3. Subjective infinitive construction.
E.g. He is known to have been a talented writer.

4. Subjective participial construction.
E.g. They were heard quarrelling.

5. For + to infinitive construction.
E.g. For me to go back would be to admit I was afraid.

6. Gerundial and half-gerundial construction.
E.g. Barbara(‘s) coming tonight meant a lot.

Independent absolute predicative phrase may be expressed by nominative absolute construction:

E.g. She began to go downstairs, the boy following her.

And prepositional absolute constructions:

E.g. He stood there, with his mouth open.

Glossary of linguistic terms:

1. equipotent - равносильный

2. dominational – с преобладанием одной из частей

semi-predicative – полу-предикативный