2015-04-01
2472
| taxation | налогообложение, взимание налогов |
| compulsory | обязательный, принудительный |
| tax on income | подоходный налог |
| tax on wages | налог на заработную плату |
| tax on salary | налог на жалование служащих |
| tax on profits | налог на прибыль |
| tax on dividends | налог на дивиденды |
| tax on rent | налог на рентные платежи |
| tax on interest | налог на процентный доход |
| tax on capital | налог на капитал |
| direct taxes | прямые налоги |
| indirect taxes | косвенные налоги |
| interest payments | процентные платежи |
| municipal services | муниципальные услуги |
| to give effect (to) | осуществлять, приводить в исполнение, проводить в жизнь |
| welfare of the community | благосостояние общества |
| inequality of incomes | неравенство доходов |
| forms of taxes | виды налогов |
| treat | обращаться, обходиться |
| levy | облагать налогом |
| corporate income tax | налог на корпоративный доход |
| impose | облагать (пошлиной, налогами), налагать |
| double tax burden | бремя двойного налогообложения |
| after-tax income | доход после удержания (за вычетом) налога |
| stock-holder | акционер, держатель акций |
| personal income | личный доход |
| code | кодекс |
| tax law | налоговое законодательство |
| body of tax legislation | содержание налогового законодательства |
| Finance Act | финансовый акт |
| operate | (зд.) использовать, пользоваться |
| tax assessments | установление налоговых ставок; определение размера облагаемого налогом дохода |
| return | налоговая декларация |
| to issue a return | выдать налоговую декларацию |
| Board of Inland Revenue ("Inland Revenue") | Налоговая служба Великобритании |
| to complete a return | заполнить налоговую декларацию |
| submit | представлять |
| annual accounts | годовой отчет; (зд.) финансовая отчетность |
| computation | расчет, вычисление |
| taxable profit | налогооблагаемая прибыль |
| system of self-assessment | система, при которой размер облагаемого налогом дохода определяется самим налогоплательщиком |
| capital gains | доход от прироста капитала |
| foreign investment | иностранные капиталовложения |
| taxable permanent establishment | постоянно работающее предприятие, облагаемое налогом |
| tier | уровень, ярус |
| value-added tax (VAT) | налог на добавленную стоимость |
| securities tax | налог на ценные бумаги |
| withholding tax | налог с суммы дивидентов |
| audit | подвергаться аудиторской проверке |
| tax authorities | налоговые органы |
| to lodge an appeal | подавать апелляционную жалобу |
| resident | проживающий, постоянно находящийся в стране |
| domicile | поселиться на постоянное место жительства |
| seek (sought) | искать, стремиться |
| mitigate | смягчать, уменьшать |
| double taxation | двойное налогообложение |
| double tax treaty | договор об избежании двойного налогообложения |
| arrangements | (зд.) меры, мероприятия |
| prevent | препятствовать, мешать, предупреждать |
| evasion of tax obligations | уклонение от налоговых обязательств |
| avoidance | уклонение |
| tax liability | обязательства по уплате налогов |
a. Choose the correct words to complete each sentence:
|
|
|
1. The tax on wages and salaries (and business profits in the US) is called........... In Britain the tax on business profits is called corporation tax.
|
|
|
a) direct tax; b) income tax; c) wealth tax.
2. A tax that is levied at a higher rate on higher incomes is called a.......... tax.
a) progressive; b) regressive; c) value-added.
3. Property taxes, sales taxes, customs duties on imports, and excise duties on tobacco, alcoholic drinks, petrol, etc. are.......... taxes.
a) direct; b) indirect; c) value-added.
4. Most sales taxes are slightly.......... because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich.
a) progressive; b) regressive; c) repressive.
5. A sales tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages, is called a...........
a) sales tax; b) value-added tax; c) added-value tax.
6. Profits made from the sale of assets are liable to a.......... tax.
a) capital gains; b) capital transfer; c) wealth.
7. Gifts and inheritances are usually liable to.......... tax.
a) capital gains; b) capital transfer; c) wealth.
8. Reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum is called...........
a) fiscal policy; b) tax avoidance; c) tax evasion.
9. Making false declarations is called.......... and is obviously illegal.
a) creative accounting; b) tax avoidance; c) tax evasion.
10. Bringing forward capital expenditure (on new factories, machines, and so on) so that at the end of the year all the profits have been used up is known as making a...........
a) mistake; b) tax haven; c) tax loss.
11. Multinational companies often set up their head offices in low-tax countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas, known as...........
a) tax havens; b) tax heavens; c) tax shelters.
12. Criminal multinationals such as the Mafia tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors and the police; this is known as.......... money.
a) cleaning; b) laundering; c) washing.
b. Government Spending. Sentences 1 to 10 make up a short text about government spending. Complete each sentence, by taking a middle part from the second box and an end from the third box:
| 1. | If tax revenues are higher… |
| 2. | If, on the contrary, government expenditures exceed… |
| 3. | A structural surplus or deficit… |
| 4. | A cyclical surplus or deficit, on the other hand,… |
| 5. | Budget deficits have to be funded by the sale of government bonds,… |
| 6. | The higher the amount of government bonds sold in a country,… |
| 7. | Neo-classical economists… |
| 8. | On the other hand, if the money supply is expanded,… |
| 9. | This is partly due to the acceleration principle,… |
| 10. | But of course everybody knows… |
| а) | …called gilt-edged securities in Britain,… |
| b) | …call this "crowding out",… |
| с) | …increased government spending… |
| d) | …is the result of government policies such as… |
| e) | …is the result of the business cycle:… |
| f) | …money collected by taxes,… |
| g) | …than government spending,… |
| h) | …that increasing the money supply… |
| i) | …the less capital is available… |
| j) | …which is that increased demand for consumer goods… |
| k) | …a country has a budget deficit. |
| 1) | …a country has a budget surplus. |
| m) | …almost inevitably leads to inflation. |
| n) | …and Treasury bonds in the USA. |
| o) | …and use it as an argument against Keynesian fiscal policies. |
| p) | …can raise output and investment, at least in the short term. |
| q) | …changes in spending or revenues caused by a boom or a slump. |
| r) | …for private sector investment. |
| s) | …produces a greater increased demand for capital goods. |
| t) | …tax rates, welfare and defence spending, and so on. |
| Beginning | ||||||||||
| Middle | ||||||||||
| Ending |
c. All the words below can be combined with tax or taxation in a two-word partnership (e.g. tax accounting, progressive taxation). Add tax and/or taxation before or after the following words:
| 1........... accounting........... | 14........... inspector........... |
| 2........... allowance............. | 15........... loophole........... |
| 3........... authority............. | 16........... loss............... |
| 4........... avoidance............ | 17........... payer.............. |
| 5........... consultant............ | 18........... progressive......... |
| 6........... corporation........... | 19........... rates.............. |
| 7........... deductible............ | 20........... rebate............. |
| 8........... direct................ | 21........... regressive........... |
| 9........... evasion............... | 22........... return............. |
| 10........... free.................. | 23........... sales.............. |
| 11........... haven................ | 24........... shelter............. |
| 12........... income............... | 25........... withholding......... |
| 13........... indirect.............. | 26........... year............... |
d. Now use the correct form of these verbs in the following sentences:
Avoid, be liable, deduct, evade, levy, lower, pay, raise
1. If you inherit a lot of money, you.......... for capital transfer tax.
2. In some countries, employers have to.......... tax from your pay and.......... it direct to the tax authorities, so employees have no possibility of.......... income tax.
3. Some people hire expensive accountants to tell them how to.......... taxes — legally, of course!
4. The government always tries to.......... taxes in the year before elections.
5. The government has a huge deficit and is going to have to.......... either the rate of VAT or income tax.
6. The government.......... special taxes on petrol, alcohol and tobacco.
