2015-04-01
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of 1.00794 u (1.007825 u for Hydrogen-1), hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Naturally occurring elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth.
The most common isotope of hydrogen is protium (name rarely used, symbol H) with a single proton and no neutrons. In ionic compounds it can take a negative charge (an anion known as a hydride and written as H−), or as a positively charged species H+. The latter cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds always occur as more complex species. Hydrogen forms compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry with many reactions exchanging protons between soluble molecules. As the simplest atom known, the hydrogen atom has been of theoretical use. For example, as the only neutral atom with an analytic solution to the Schrцdinger equation, the study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.
Hydrogen gas (now known to be H2) was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with strong acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name, which in Greek means "water-former." At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highlycombustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2.
Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like theelectrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market.
Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.
Вариант № 3
1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle:
1. Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms.
2. Synthetically-produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers.
3. They gave their answers in the written firm.
4. If invited I shall go with them.
2. Определите предложения, в которых частица to является признаком инфинитива и правильно переведите все задание:
1. This question appears to be of great importance.
2. We believe cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology.
3. He wanted us to visit the art exhibition.
4. The fact that there was an element of air that does not support combustion was clear to Rutherford.
5. Nitrogen gas was inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as "mephitic air" or azote, from the Greek word azotos meaning "lifeless".
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на страдательный залог:
1. The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable component of air, by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford, in 1772.
2. Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
3. Lavoisier's name for nitrogen is used in many languages.
4. The academic year is divided into two terms.
5. The electric lamp was invented by Yablochkov.
4. Переведите предложения с русского на английский:
1. У тебя много игрушек, чтобы играть.
2. Его всегда ждут.
3. Все написанное здесь – верно.
4. Если ты плохо видишь, тебе следует носить очки.
5. Переходя улицу, будьте осторожны!
