Words to be learnt. compliant – согласованный

to improve – улучшать

compliant – согласованный

requirement – требование

redundancy – достаточность, избыточность

integrity – целостность

high precision navigation – высокоточная навигация

public obligations – обязательства перед обществом

intense negotiations – активные переговоры

validation – соглашение, утверждение

to justify – оправдывать

capturing – овладение, захват

impediment – препятствие, задержка

reliability – надежность

implementation – осуществление, выполнение

to comply with – уступать, подчиняться, соглашаться

unfettered – неограниченный, нестесненный

to concern with – заниматься чем-либо, иметь дело с чем-либо

to gather pace – ускорять темп

constellation – набор (созвездие)

to envisage – предназначать, предусматривать

launcher – пусковая установка

Text

Europe is moving closer to the launch of its satellite navigation system Galileo. This will lead to a fully civilian controlled global satellite navigation system, with much improved navigation services and a certified positioning service. It is fully compliant with ICAO's requirements for satellite navigation systems. The overall benefits include redundancy and integrity to meet the safety requirements of civil aviation and help the foil introduction of satellite navigation for all phases of flight. Whilst the battle with GPS is likely to be bitter, in the end

these two systems will benefit each other and massively extend the role of satellite navigation.

Galileo is an initiative of the European Union, in collaboration with the European Space Agency and European Industry, to launch a European financed global satellite navigation system under civilian control. Current work aims to develop the architecture and design required to provide high precision navigation, position, timing and integrity information to meet both user needs and public obligations, such as safety for all transport modes.

Galileo is proposed as a Public Private Partnership formed between the European Union, ESA and a consortium of private companies. The PPP partners include Astrium, Alcatel Space, Alenia Spazio and Thales. Galileo is, naturally enough, still a subject of intense negotiation and debate between the EU and its commercial partners, with the EU Council of Ministers pressing for a single and efficient management structure. Galileo is also a part of the EU's wider strategic plan for space exploitation, which includes its program for Global Monitoring, Environment and Security (GMES). Although largely a European program, Galileo will also involve much international cooperation e.g. with the Russian Federation (on frequency sharing and validation).The calculated benefits and the direct and indirect revenues from Galileo are expected to be substantial, fully justifying Europe's commitment. Galileo is very much a commercial initiative aimed at capturing a significant share of the satellite navigation market.

Galileo is a system that will benefit all modes of transport including road, rail, sea and air travel. Galileo will, in particular, result in real and direct benefits to civil aviation. The clearest of these is the fact that satellite navigation will become a fully redundant service for civil aviation users in the event of a satellite failure. The number of satellites in view will grow dramatically and become fully independent in the case of failure to either GPS or Galileo. Galileo will work with GPS to provide greatly improved satellite coverage and availability, ensuring that sufficient satellites are always in view to obtain an optimal navigation solution. This has been one of the major impediments of a GPS only system and one stumbling block to the potential wider benefits that satellite navigation could offer civil aviation, but which it has not so far been able to deliver.

Certified services will also be offered, with guaranteed service levels (in terms of accuracy, redundancy, integrity, reliability and availability) and a more robust signal in space. This will enable the global implementation of ICAO’s CNS/ATM

concept. These benefits will bring satellite navigation forward as a realistic replacement for conventional navigation aids in civil aviation. Despite the fact that satellite navigation has been with us for some time and that airlines have made significant investments, there has been, so far, relatively little return in terms of improved navigation services to airlines. Galileo looks set to change this and accelerate the introduction and benefits of satellite navigation for civil aviation Users. Galileo also complies with the need for civil aviation services to be free and unfettered, a fundamental requirement enshrined in the ICAO convention.

The definition phase of Galileo is already complete. The current phase is concerned with the detailed design and development of the full Galileo system. The schedule for Galileo will gather pace with a Galileo Test-Bed to be launched as piggyback payload on a next generation GLONASS satellite. Following this, the 'In-Orbit Validation' phase will begin, deploying a small constellation of satellites. An initial operational capability consists of twelve satellites. There is a definite "window of opportunity" for Galileo and it is believed that any delay in fully operational launching Galileo will lead to significant damage to Europe's entry into the mass navigation market. Hence there are strong incentives for the launch of Galileo to be brought forward.

Galileo consists of a constellation of 30 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) only. The 30 Galileo satellites are 3 orbital planes inclined at 54° and at an altitude of around 23,000 km. This is the simplest system to launch, operate and maintain and one that provides the greatest reliability for an operational service. Galileo satellites weigh around 650 kg when in orbit and generate approximately 1,500 watts of electrical power. The satellite geometry has been designed for the launch of multiple satellites with an Ariane launcher. Smaller launchers are envisaged for the replacement of individual satellites. A lot of sophisticated technology will go into Galileo, including highly advanced atomic clocks -giving greater accuracy and stability and being light weight with low power requirements. Sophisticated (next generation) electronics and the latest high performance antennas will be incorporated into the satellite, to generate the signal-in-space.

The implementation of Galileo is a welcome improvement to navigation services. Galileo vastly improves the accuracy, redundancy, integrity, reliability and availability of satellite navigation. It provides certified services and a level of integrity not achievable with GPS. More than anything else, it enables the full exploitation of satellite navigation for the benefit of civil aviation and hastens the

implementation of ICAO's CNS/ATM concept. This leads to genuine improvements for all phases of flight and a significant safety benefits.

Задание I. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. What is Europe moving to?

a) redundancy and integrity of European Union

b) a fully civilian control of ICAO

c) the launch of its satellite navigation system Galileo

2. What does current work aim to provide?

a) safety for all phases of flights

b) comfort and design

c) high precision navigation, position, timing and integrity information

3. What does Galileo plan include?

a) intense negotiation and debate

b) ESA and a consortium of private companies

c) program for Global Monitoring, Environment and Security

1. What is Galileo?

a) a military strategy

b) a commercial initiative

c) a state plan

2. Where is Galileo used in?

a) in all modes of transport

b) in all types of satellite stations

c) in all kinds of ground stations

3. In what cases will satellite navigation become a fully redundant service for civil aviation users?

a) in the case of a spacecraft absence

b) in the event of global war

c) in the event of a satellite failure

4. Why will Galileo work with GPS?

a) to get some benefits

b) to ensure integrity

c) to provide improved satellite coverage and availability

5. What certified services are offered by Galileo?

a) the help in the case of failure

b) a significant share of the satellite navigation market

c) accuracy, redundancy, integrity, reliability and availability

6. What does Galileo consists of?

a) 30 ground stations

b) 54 electrical power stations

c) satellites

7. What are envisaged (offered) for the replacement of individual satellites?

a) spacecrafts

b) rockets

c) small launchers

Задание II. Сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца в виде кратких, логичных (от 1 до 3) своих собственных высказываний на английском языке

Задание Ш. Выполнив все задания, будьте готовы побеседовать по теме на английском языке в группе и с преподавателем