Urban planning

Urban systems are built up from a network of subsystems. Transportation is an example. Food, water, and materials move into a city through subsystems. Unlike natural systems, urban systems have the opposite tendency.

One subsystem works in isolation from all other subsystems. The one-sided development of highways leads to the neglect of transportation as a whole. Builders of suburban tracts work without consideration of the effect of their community on transportation, sewage disposal, water supply, schools, and all of the other parts of the broader urban community. It is the job of the metropolitan planners. But many planners are not trained, and they are ruled by politicians, who often reflect special interest pressures.

Perhaps the greatest failure in urban planning and development is the tendency to forget that the city is the home for the human being. Thus the new housing developments are commonly hated by those who live in them. They seldom function in the way the designers had intended.

(1008)

12.1 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Транспортировка, одностороннее развитие, пригородный район, водоснабжение, недостаток.

12.2 В чем самый большой недостаток градостроительства и городского развития?

The greatest failure is the tendency to forget that the city is the home for the human being.

The greatest failure is many planners are not trained.

The greatest failure is politicians reflect special interest pressures.

Text 13

Planned cities

A new town, planned community, or planned city is a city, town, or community that was planned from its inception. It is constructed in a previously undeveloped area.

Navi Mumbai, a planned city near Indian city of Mumbai is the largest planned township in the world. Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, including Washington, D.C., in the United States, Canberra in Australia, Brasília in Brazil, New Delhi in India, Abuja in Nigeria and Islamabad in Pakistan. It was common in the European colonization of the Americans to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities.

(639)

13.1 Где строится спроектированный город?

1. A planned city is constructed on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities.

2. A planned city is constructed near the largest planned township in the world.

3. A planned city is constructed in a previously undeveloped area.

Text 14