2017-11-30
2996
Ex. 3. Read and translate the following words (the prefixes un-, in-, im and the suffix -less make the opposites of the given 
words):
a) important unimportant visible invisible valuable invaluable able - unable concrete Inconcretc perfect — imperfect identifiable — unidentifiable natural unnatura] dependent independent protected unprotected
b) efficientlv - inefficiently cotTectlv - - incorrect(v completely incompletelv 
indircctlv sufficientlv — insufficiently
c) •worth worthless 
- careless victim victim less weapon - weaponless blood bloodless 
lifeless
Ex. 4. Read and translate thc words and their derivatives: to remove - removal — removed to measure — measuremcnt measured to analvzc analysis analyzed 10 prove proof — proved to contanlin•clte - contamination contatn inated to destrov — destruction — destroyed to tind the finding — föund to mark — mark nnarked to handle the handling — handled to package - package packaged
Ex. 5. Find the roots of the given words, sav what parts of speech thev are and translate them:
enlargement. carelessness, undetectable, fingerprinting, unwarranted, coexistence. invaluable. inadmissibility, independent, worthless. discontinuitv, unforgivable.
Ex. 6. Read and translate the 10110wing international words (think of two variants of translation if possible):
physical, phase. object, to analyze, detail, chance, specific, to transport. contact, natural, expert, logical, deduction, constant, theoretical, automatic, dactyloscopie, positively, concrete, requisite. competent. action, 10 ignore, facsimile, hypothesis.
C.oeaara•re11bHoe Hav.•.nonel--llle (Subjunctive Mood)
Cocnavamem,noe HaKJ101fenue 
lipezrnonaraetqoe >Ke.naTIV'J1fAçoe LleÜCTBHe.
| l) |
'to" 6e-3 "to") Y110Tpe6J1¶F0Tt'R:|
|
|
Tit[la it is necessary (He06XOAllMO), it is important (B'òKH0), it is desirable ()KenaTeYlbH0), it is natural, it is reasonable (pa3YMH0), it is imperative (Kpaäue UC06xo;utMO) np., [[aupHMe.p: It is important that all people should help rnaintain public order.
Ba)KH0, ace 
110JtACP',KHBaTb 061LteCTReHHbliä Ilop¶110K.
It is necessarv that an officer have an arrest warrant. He06xo• 
| LIT061,l |
2) 
B A0110JlHqre.(1bHbiX rrpunaTOLlHb1X npcAJ10*œEIHHx, ecnq rJlaron• CKagveMoe npenno»ceH11fl 111)HKa'M-1HHe, npe12J10xeilHe. AOrOBOPCHHOCTb to order to suggest (apea,qapars). to insist (uacra11Ba1b), to demand, to require (Tpe60BaTb). to recommend 
M AP., HarrpvtMep:
The investigator suggested that the witness should tell him what he had seen.
Cre,qovarem, 
qr06b' cBøžue-re3b paccK,T3a.11 CM_v, wro on BHAen.
The police officer insisted that the suspect bc apprehended.
[ACMqueiicKMïf Hac.TaMBa.n na 10M, HT06h1 nonmpeBaœMblñ
3anepxaH_
3) R nppuayoqllbl,x lipež_lnoxef-lqq.x BBOALfMSIX 
lest (q-r06b[ He). as if 
6sr), HatlPRNtep:
The offender was arrested lest he commit further crimes. I 
apecT0BaH, OH He co.Bepu_1H.fl HOBbte npecTynneHH¶.
The person acted as if he vvere guiitv.
YenOBi2K Ben ce6q, KaK 6b1 OH 6b1Jl BHHOBCH.
Il. cocnara-reÄbH0F0 HaKnOneHH9, 
Past Indefinite HJIH Past Perfect, yr10Tpe6ftflF0Tca:
I) B AOflOfiHnve-JIbHb1.X ilPHAaTOYHb1X 
noc.rre Elarona to wish (M€enaT6):
а) для обозначения действия, относящегося к прошлом\' они совпадают с формами Past lndefmite, иаирииер: wish were (was) ап expenenced invcstigator.
Как бы я ХОТи] быть ОПЫТНЫМ следователем.
б) для обозначения действия, относящегося к прошлом\', ови совпадают с формой Past Perfect, напр.:
wish had passed the ехапп in criminalistic,s with Ьеиег теsults.
Как жа_ЛЬ, ЧТО я пе так 
сдал экзамен по криминалистике.
2) п условных предложениях:
а) малореального условия, т.е. ОТНОСЯщИХСЯ к настоящему или бу '№уще.му времени
| Главное п е.;шо-жсвис | ГЛ илаточное п сдложение |
\V0llld (should) + инфинитив совпаааюимс с Past lndc6nite ИлИ
 Past Conjnuous
| |
| stutients know their prafession better Студенты лучше бы знали специальность | if they- had morc practicc. если бы у них было больше практики. |
| vr№tc | |||
| Главпос п сдложение | П идаточное | е,лмож-ение | |
| would (should) + перфектный ИПИтИВ без “to | формы, совпадающие с Past Perfect | ||
| poEice would have apprc hendcd Полипия задержала бы преступника | ifthey had arrived earlier. ссли бы прибыла раньше. | ||
б) нереального условия. т.е. ОТПОСЯШИХСЯ К 
нан
|
|
|
ин
Thc
Примечание: в главньг.ч предложениях часто употребляются модальные глаголы coald и might с соответствующей формой инфинитива. например:
The 01Tcer could idcntifv thc offt•nder if he saw him.
Полицейский смог бы опознать правонарушителя. если бы увидел его.
The crime might have Ьсеп committcd if the policeman left his post.
Преступление могло бы бЫТЬ совершено, если бы _ полицеЙСКИЙ покинул свой пост.
Ill.)KenaTœ1bHbte lipennonaraeMble neÏlCTBH51 Mor-y•r Bbl 
EjraronaMH should HYIH would c 
õe'3 "to", HaFIPH_Mep:
The police ',vould use modern equipment fior detecting criminals.
6b1 
ooops•'AOBaHue po_3bl-
CKa 11PeCTV11HMKOB.
Grammar exercises
Ex. 7 Translate from English into Russian:
It is not necessary that the criminal act be the sole cause ot• death, but only that it be a recognizable causal factor.
Most states require that the person etnphovinc' self-defense, use no force greater than that needed to protect himself reasonablv.
J. 
Many situations could lead to a serious breach of public order. or to a serious crime. Much of police work is seeinL1 to it thev do not lead to this extreme.
4. A society could and would not tolerate a situaliotl in which all laws are en(òrced against all people in all circwnstanees. There arc too manv laws and too manv lawbreakers. Whether we like it ar not, the police must be given the authority to decide in what ercurnstances the lass,' is to be enfòrccd and in what circumstances other means should be used this is the opinion of the US police.
5. Should the police be able to apprehend 25 per cent more suspects. the effect of this increase on the amount of work of the 
prosecutor and court could be very great.
6. ft is required that the investi2ator should use a varietv of investigative techniques to develop confidential and other inlörmational sources.
It is important that the prosecutor should not have the conviction psychology.
8. If the policeman had searched the criminal, he could have thund a gun.
9. It is essential that the juvenile officer be able to help the delinquent to understand his problems and correct his deliñquent behaviour.
10. There can be no conviction unless the guilt of the detëndant is established. It Ineans that the defendant is assumed to be innocent until proved guilty. So the investigator should provide the evidencc of guilt lest the defendant be acquitted.
l l. It is reasonable that the nature of the offence importantlv atlèct the probabilitv of having a known suspect.
] 2. The invesljgator insisted that interviewing skills be chiefly learned on the job.
13. The judge suggested that the accused be released for lack of probable cause.
14. If bail be great enough, staying in jai] until the trial could produce an additional effect on the offender and makc him con-
15. I wish I could take part in the investigation of this theft.
Ex. 8. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to diffèrent functions of the verb "should":
In normal circumstances, the policeshould arrest only on the basis of an arrest warrant, although this is more the exception, than the rule.
2. Should the police be given the opportunitv which laws to enforce and against whom lhey shall be enforced? could only lead to an unjust and intolerable system.
3. Under the new penology equality belöre the law does not mean that all persons should be punished alike for the same acts.
4. [t is essentia] that punishment should be adjusted to the needs and dangerousness of the individual criminal.
5. The criminal said: ' 'While preparing for the commission of the crime f thought [ should not be detected".
6. It is imperative that those acts that may lead to punishment should be known.
It should be noted that the main functions of police work are maintaining public order and entOrcing 
8. All information collected during the investigation ot- a case should be written down in the investigator's notebook.
9. It is required that the arrested persons should be isolated fronl each other.
10. The police officer suggested that a suspect should go to the police station to bc interviewed there. Ex. 9. Make up sentences.
interview wqtnesses photograph investigate cnmes
I wrish I could detect criminals drive a car usc crimirialistics equipment know psychologv well learned the Criminal Law 
worked as a 
I wish I had not Inade this mistake helped my friend seen this film got the intarmation In time
Ex. 10. Read and translate text "A".
Text "A".
Phvsical Evidence
The finding, collectin!ž and preservation of physieai evidence are the most Important phases in a criminal investiœation.
Physical evidence is of value only if it helps prove a case or clear a suspect, The most valuable evidence may be worthless if inefficiently 
handled.
tn general, the term "chain of evidence" may be defined as the documentation of every article of evidence, frorn the point of initial discovery at a crime scene. to its collection and transport to a laboratorv. its temporary custodv and its final disposition. Within this context, it is natural that:
the admissibilitv of the inlbrrnation derived from anv article Of evidence be directly proportional to and fullv dependent on the manner and precautions taken to ensure that the evidence presented to a court has been protected:
there be no viabÌe alternative to a strong chain of evidence.
It is not always possible t6 know whether or not an object has evidential value until it is analyzed. For example, one is generally unabfe to see all the details in a shoe imprint until a cast has been made and that cast cotnpárcd with the shoe.
In collecting any object of possible evidential value an officer should keep in tilind the importance of the following:
|
|
|
l. The possibilities of fingerprints being found on it.
2. The chances of certain pieces of microscopic debris, such as hair, blood, paint, fibres, etc., adhering to it.
3. How that article should be removed, marked, packaged and transported. Physical evidence is something that is concrete, something that can generally be measured, photographed, analyzed, and presented as a physical object in court. Circumstantial evidence is a specific circumstance. For example, a suspect might be accused of burglary, and the shoes hc is wearing are proved to have made certain impressions found at the scene of a crime. The shoes and the imprint are physical evidence, while the tact that the suspect was Wearing the shoes when arrested is circumstantial evidence. Someone else could have worn the shoes at the time the burglary was committed, therefore that type of •evidence is circumstantial.
If there are witnesses, thc investigator needs corroborative evi-dence: if there arc no witnesses, the entire case must often be proved through phvsical evidence alone.
A lone piece of evidence, because of its great intrinsic value and the impossibility of being duplicated, tnav be sufficiently important to warrant a conviction — for example, a fingerprint, At other times it may be a combination of a number of articles of physical evidence, none of which') are conclusive"'. that proves the case.
The intrinsic value of physical evidence often depends on its location. A hat on one's head has little significance but if it is round beside a murder victim it might become of great importance.
There is no such thin• as a perfect crime, a crime that leaves no traces there is only the inability to find the evidence.
When the investigating officer arrives at a crime scenc it is necessavv that he should first protect the scene and prevent anybodv from toaching any object.
The preliminarv survev is to acquaint the investigating officer with the entire scene and its important details. After he has completed his preliminarv survey the photographer may go to work. It is important that thc investigator should accompany the photographer, pointing out various objects of possible evidential value. He should note possible location of latent prints (invisible prints), and guard against contamination of such objects and surtaces.
After the general scene has been completely photographed, the officer with casting equipment casts all possible imprints, if such are present, and then the 6ngerprint тап should work оп various obiects. Не shouid also note movable objects whcre i3ngerprints тау [зе found. and should carefully remove them to а safe place finr dusting and developil]2 later.
As the 6ngerprint тап completcs his work, tbe investiuator тау go to work thoroughlv searching the scene ofpossible evidentiaI value.
As evidence is found, it should be marked. caretillly packaged, each article separately, and piaced in some locality where it wiil not be асstroyed or contaminatcd. until it is transported го а laboratory.
(Scientitic lnvestigation and Physical Evidence, L.V.jones) Notes:
) попе ofwhich are — ни один из которых 2) conclusive (here:) — убедительный
Ех. 11. Find svnonvms:
to look for, to ana1yze, а possibility, custodv, laten1, impressions. а picture, а dactyloscopic expert, to search for, ап article, а criminal, а probabilitv, to examine, imprints, а photograph, preservation, invisibke, ап item, а ftngerprint тап, а perpetrator.
Ех. 12. Find the equivalents ia the text:
|
|
|
доказать дело, снять подозрения с подозреваемого, ценные векцествениые доказательства. сделать слепок, косвенные улики, кража со взломом, убийство. подтверждающие доказательства, предварительный осмотр места происшествия, изъять предметы, уничтожить или загрязнить улики, осматривать место происшествия в целях нахождения отпечатков пальцев, жертва, доказывать дело лишь с помощью вещественных доказательств, оберегать место происшествия, закончить предварительный осмотр, отметить расположение отпечатков пальцев, дактилоскопист, обработать ПОРОШКОМ, промаркировать улики, упаковать '.'лики.
Ех. 13. Give all possible word combinations:
prints (скрытые, видимые, невидимые, пластичные) evidence (вещественные, косвенные, прямые, подтверждающие, убедительные)
6ngerprints (найти, обработать порошком, проявить, подделать)
evidence (HCKaTb. vt3MepflTb, M3BneKaTb, pagpymaTb, garpqgHITb, c061•lpaTb) the scene of the crime (OCMaTPHBaTb, oxpaH51Tb, (þo-rorpatþHpoBaTb)
Ex. 14. Compleçe the sentences using the words in brackets: (circumstantial, value, a cast, examined, the preliminary survey, to clear, contamination, to prove, marked, fingerprints, gathering, removed, corroborative, to protect).
Physical evidence is of value only if it helps a case or.. a sus-
2. The first phase in handlin¿ physical evidence is.. all potential evidence at the scene of a crime.
3. If a shoe imprint is found at the crime scene,.. should be made and compared with the shoe.
4.. mav be fòund on anv object of possible evidential value.
No article should be moved or touched until it has been photographed and tor fingerprints.
6. If there are no witnesses, the investigator needs evidence. 
7. The first responsibi]itv of an officer is the crime scene,
8. The iñvestigating officer should prevent of obiects which may bear fingerprints.
9, After being photographed objects wherc fingerprints may be found should be carefüllv from the scene.
10. When the fingerprint man completes his work, the investigat-ing officer should examine the scene for articles of possible eviden-
All evidence round at the scene of a crime should be and packaged carefully and transported to a laboratory.
1 2. The aim of is to acquaint the investigator with the entire crime scene and its important details.
13. Besides physical and corroborative there is also evidence.
Ex. 15. Read and say whether the following statements are true. If not so, correct them:
The investigator always knows whether or not an object has evi dential value.
2. The investigator should handle objects at the scene of a crime with grcat care.
3. Objects from lhc crime scene should be removed and then photographed and examined.
4. Physical evidence is something that can be presented in court as a physical object:
5. Circumstantial evidence has no absolute evidential value.
6. A lone piece of evidence is always enough EO prove a case.
7. Corroborative evidence is needed when there are no witnesses.
8. On arriving at a crime scene the officer should first remove ob jects of possible evidential value.
9. The investigating officer's duty is to protect objects which may bear fingerprints.
10. The aim of the preliminary survey is to note the location separate objects.
l l. As articles of evidential valuc are found, they should be transported to a laboratory.
12. The investigator should prcvent evidence from being contaminated.
Ex. 16. Answer the questions on the text:
What are the most important phases of a criminal investigation?
2. Whv should an officcr keep in mind that any article on the crime scene should be handled with great care?
3. What does the term "chain of evidence" define'?
4. What types of evidence do you know?
5, What is physical evidence?
6. In what way is circumstantial evidence diftèrent from physical evidence?
7. When is corroborative evidence very important?
8. What is the first responsibility ofan officer at a crime scene?
9. What is the aim of preliminary investigation?
10. How should the investigating officer conduct the examination of the crime scene?
1 1. What should be done with physical evidence found at a crime scene?
Ex. 17. Read the definitions and give the name of the corresponding actions or notions.
Al! articles found at the scene of a crime which help prove a case are called.
The prints of the hands left by a criminal on objects which he touched during the commission of the crime are called. 
The process of observing the whole of the crime scene and noting the location of its objects is called. 
4. The process of using special powder to develop latent prints is called. 
5. A person who can give itifonnation about the crime or the criminal is called a 
6. An imprint left by the criminal which cannot be seen without spe„ cial techniques is called. 
Ex. 18. Explain what is:
l) phvsical evidence;
2) circumstantial evidence, 3) corroborative evidence;
4) a fingerprint:
5) 
a latent print;
6) contamination of evidence; 7) the preliminmy survey.
Ex. 19. Translate the sentences into English:
AOJ1)Ken c06paTb BCe BellRCTBeHHbJe YJIHKH Ha Mec•ve npecTyrnneHktg.
2. Bo Bpe:qq npeAßapMTeJtbHoro OCMOTPa cneaoßarenb 3HaKOMHTC¶ C Mec.TOM 
H ero nemaJIMMH.
3. l_lenb geueCTBeUHb1X VJNUK OÕeC[1eHHTb AOKa3b1BaHHe.
4. 
ZIOJTA<CH oõecneqwrs COXPaHHOCTb Mecrra apomLIT ecrenq„ 
upecTYTiHHK OCTaBnaer cneAbå. 6. [IpeAMeTbl Ha NßCTC rrpccTY[tartCHHR HCï1b39 -rporaTb, t]OCKO.11bKY aa HMX MoryT 6b1Tb orrneqaTKH naJ1b11fàB.
7. Bce [IPe11NœTb1, Ha KOTOPbP{ MOFVT 6b1T6 CKPb1Tble OT11eqaTKH, cnenyer OCTOPO)KHO C Mecma 
8. Ecžlh CCTb 0TnegaTKH 06YBH, C HhX cne,ayer cnenaTb cJlenK".
9. Bce Ber_ueCYBeHHb1e ynUKH, HaÜAeHHb1e Ha MeCTe 
110JINHb' 6b1Tb ffPOMapKHPOB,RHb1, ynaK0BaHb1 M 
B
na60paTopmo.
Ex 10. Find the sentences with Subjunctive Mood in the text and translate them.
Ex. 21. Read and translate the sentences W'ith the Subjunctive NIQ0d:
a) l. On many occasions an expert listens to the evidence for the first time when it is given at the trial and realizes fòr the first time what he might have done to assist the court if he had onlv known earlier.
2. While the circumstances may have been explained at some time to the. laboratory expert, they 'Will not be impressed on his mind in the same way they would have been if he had visited the scene of the crime.
3. It is of primarv importance that the greatest care should be taken to prevent any possible contamination or various sam-
4.
A suspect might claim the contact traces on his clothes were not received at the crime scene. It should be that the explanation looks natural.
5. it is necessanp that no objects should be overlooked through inability to recoonize their evidential value.
6. A practice of tbrcing a suspected tool to sec if it fits a mark could destroy the individuality of a particular mark.
7. If police work were seen mostly as a broad category of occupations which deal with people who are difficult to handle, individuals would enter police work because they wanted 10 help people and not because of romantic ideas.
8. The first category of police tùnctions may be defined as "order maintenance', and the second category "la'" entarcement" would include responding to reports of crimes.
9. One of the \najor conceptions employed in the law for the determination of liability is the necessary cause, the cause but for which the particular result would not have occurred.
b) I. Every object of the material world has its own specific features which help identify it. Yet this requires that the traces left by the object imprint the features that make it different from similar ones.
2. The examination of footprints helps determine a number of important factors that could be used in identifying a criminal if he 'sere arrested.
3. Cnminalistic photography is widelv used in criminal trials. However, this would be impossible in the absence or legal regulations.
4. The gathering of factual material would be unreasonable without hypothesis explaining the cause that gave rise to that evidence.
5. One must put himself in the place of the criminal. What would the investigator himself do if he were in the same situation and conditions?
6. It is natural that the process of investigation should begin with examining the scene of the crime.
7. It is essential that different investigation methods be used with regard to different crimes.
8. During the examination of the crime scene the investioator should record all details pertinent 10 the crime lest any important item of evidence remain overlooked.
9. It is necessary that, in all legal systems, the law require that investigation bodies should not use any drugs.
Ex. 22. Use the proper form of Subjunctive Mood.
It is desirable that the investigator (to accompany) the photographer on thescene of a crime.
2. If the investigator (to have) more evidence, he (to be able) to prove the case. But he hadn't.
3. The police (to arrest) the offender. But his identity is still un-known.
4. It is essential that all articles of evidence found at the crime scene (to be marked) properly.
5. Corroborative evidence (to help) to prove the case.
6 If fingerprints (to be found) at the scene of the crime, the perpetrator (to be identified).
7. It is necessary that all objects (to be exatnined) for latent prints.
8. The law requires that the investigator (to use) only lavv•ful investigation methods.
9. The criminal was very careful and tried not to leave any traces lest the police (to establish) his identity.
10. It is imperativc that the police (to protect) the crime scene.
l l. The officer demanded that the expert (to cast) the imprints of the shoes left on the ground.
12. If the investigating officer (not to find) phvsical evidence, it (to be) difficult to investigate the crime.
Ex. 23. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to ditTërent functions ofthe verb "to be":
Each phase is of equal importance if such evidence is to be accepted by the courts.
2. It is not possible to know whether or not an object has evidential value until it is analyzed.
3. The shoes the suspect is wearing are proved to have made certain impressions found at the scene of a crime.
4. The value of physical evidence is based on the law of probabilities.
5. There is no such thing as a perfect crime — there is only the inabifity to find the evidence,
6. The preliminarv survev is to acquaint the investigating officer with the entire scene and its important details.
7. A latent print is one which is obtained in connection with an investigation involving identification. 
8. Latenc prints are unlikely to be made on any bul good surfaces such as glass.
9. The primary objective of giving testimony in court is to present the facts as the investigator found them.
Ex. 24. Read and transtate the sentences paying attention to-ing forms. 
An officer should keep in mind the possibility of fingerprints being found on an object.
An investigating officer should know of the chances of certain microscopic debris adhering to an obiect of possible evidential value.
3. Articles found at the crime scene should be moved with the least chance of having such evidence destroyed or contaminated.
4. A Ione piece Of evidence, because of the impossibility of its be-ing duplicated, may be sufficiently important to warrant a conviction,
5. Be ready to prevent misleading emphasis being placed upon fingerprints as the means of identifying a criminal.
6. Witnesses and victims being questioned by an officer are likely
to re-enact their own actions and thosc of the criminal.
7. Being easily seen Ihc plastic imprints and visible prints are more likelv to attract attention than the true latent prints.
8. Prints from the palms being highly individual arc regarded as an important means of identification.
Ex. 25. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the lnfinitive in different functions:
To enter the scene of a crime and carelesslv handle objects before they have been photographed and examined for fingerprints is unfòrgivable.
2. If there arc no witnesses, the entire case must be proved through physical evidence alone.
3. The first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime has two major responsibilities: a) to examine the victim for signs of life, and b) to protect and preserve all physical evidence.
4. Various movable objects where fingerprints may be found, should be carefill(y removed to a safè place to be dusted later,
5, Any palnier skin design will serve to positively identify a person.
6. The investigating officer must look particularly for those surfaces which he may expect to be most productive in retaining latent prints.
In order to determine if there are items which possibly mav have latent prints, the officer should question the victim and witnesses, and should also rely upon his observations and experience.
8. Removed evidence should be examined in an effört to detect latent prints.
9. [f the hands are very clean and cold, latent prints are unlikely to be made on any but good surfaces such as glass.
10. To make a facsimile of a fingerprint would not be difficult
It is certainly possible to make a fingerprint by means of a copy executed, tur example, in rubber.
12. Given a hard protected surface unlikely to be touched, a print is almost permanent.
13. 'n visible prints dirt, blood, etc., on the fingertip will enable the print to be made.
Ex. 26. Read the following story and trv to find the criminal:
The Plot
One bright summcr afternoon Sir Giles Porteseue was found 'nurdered in his studv at the Grange. He was murdered with an Indian dagger stuck into his back as he sat writing at his desk. His old servant, who had been with him for many years, found him and estimated the time of his death at 15.45,
The Suspects
Detective Inspector Sludge, after interviews with those known to be near the scene of the crime at the fatal time, came to the con-clusion that it must be one of the three guests who had been staying with Sir Giles at that time. All three guests knew that they would have the house and the monev after Sir Giles' death as he had read the will to them the evening before. Al] three guests had gone out that afternoon. Accounts of their activities are given below:
I. Colonel Adams, a retired officer of the Indian army, went fishing by the 14.57 bus. He said he then had changed for a train and fished the whole dav. He saw no one. He had his return ticket as proof that he was on the train. No one at the station remembers him.
2. Miss Blake, a young lady of 22, left the house to go shopping at 15.15. She took the 15.20 bus. A shop assistant remembers her being at the shop at 15.30 and later she was seen at the post office at \6.05. She said she had tea at a tea-shop between her visits but no one remember-S her at the tea-shop.
3. Mr. Clarke, a young man of 26, went out in his car to see an antique dealer with whom he had an appointment for 16.00. The ser-vant saw him driving away at 15.35. The antique dealer says he was on time for his appointment.
And now solve the case by answering the following questions
1. Colonel Adams
Inspector Sludge: If he committed the murder, how would he have done it?
You: If he had done it, he...
| Inspector: | How could he have back to the Grange in |
| You: | He...
|
| Inspector: | If he had done this, would anyone else have seen |
| You: | If he had done this.. seen hilÙ when There- |
rare he could/couldn l t have done it.
2. Miss Blake Inspector:
| If she had committed the murder, how would she | |
| You: | have done it'? |
| Inspector: | If she had done it, she... At what tirne u•-ould she have done it? |
| Inspector: | She bctwccn and... How would she have got back to the Grange? |
| You: | She could...
|
| Inspector: | If she had done this, would she have had enough |
| You: | It seems  that she...
|
| 3. Mr. Clarke | If he had committed the murder, how would he |
| Inspector | have done it?
(f he had done it. he probably his ear and 
If he had done it, would he have been in time för
|
| Inspector | his appointmcnt?
He could an time for his appointment if he 
|
his car al a very high speed.
Ex. 27. Read and say whether you agree with it:
It is not to be expected that the investigator should also play the role of a laboratory expert in relation to the physical evidence found at the scene of a crime. Obviously, his knowledge of such methods as a chemical analysis or a physical test would not be adequate. The basic work of the investigator is investigation. It is not necessary that he should perform scientific examinations. But photography, physical methods OP reproduction, the development of latent prints, and many other simple techniques should be part
of the investigator's professional training. In general. the investigating officer should know the methods of finding, gatherinu. preserving, and transporting evidence.
2. The search of the scene Of the crime is, in certain offences, the nnost important part of the investigation. Obviously, man v crimes do not have a "scene" in the sense of an area wherc traces are usually found, e.g. forgery. Crimes of violence, however, involve a fight, the use of 'weapons. etc. Traces may be in the förm of clothing, shoc impressions, fingerprints, blood stains, etc. But it is necessarv that not onlv the eftëct ol' the criminal on the scene should be considered. but also the manner in which the scene mi"ht leave traces on the criminal, e.g., dust. soil, paint, etc- So the investigator should keep it in mind and gather samples of the trace material which could help him link thc criminal with the crime scent.
Ex. 28. Read and explain:
l. In the United States a criminal obtained the fingerprint of a man, and reproduced it by means of a rubber Stan-IP (pe3HH0Bb1ñ 1_n-raM11). He left four visible prints in grease (CMa3Kr,l) when a garage was robbed (orpa6MTb), During (he examination it was Observed that each of the prints began and ended at specific ridges, and measurements with a ruler (JïHneñKa) showed that the tour prints were exact to the last millimetre. What does it prove?
2. A man attacked and robbed a woman. He was apprehended but
he had somehow disposed (H36aßĶTbcq) of the results of his robberv. The i.voman was unable to identifv him. An officer noted a trace of tåce powder (nvnpa) on the man's coat. The man 
plained that this was a trace of his wife's powder. But later he was charged with the robbery. WhvA
3. The body of a woman was found in a field. A suspect was apprehended by the police. There was much soil (3CM..U1) on his shoes and they were thoroughly examined, The man was accused of the murder. Whv9
Ex. 29. Read and retell the following short story:
An aged man named Farrows, employed in a paint shop near London, 
known to have much money hidden 
in the shop. On a rainy March morning, a little girl, walking by, saw him standing near the open door covered *Pith blood. The child, however. did not reporl the mattet to her parents until a few davs later, and when the police were called to the shop thev tbund Farrows and his wife dead in their upstairs room. An empty cash (ACHbru) box made the motive clear. A patrolman, examming the box. tound a single fingerprint on one side of the box. Afraid that he had made it himself bv careless handling, he hurried to Scotland Yard where the fingerprint was examined. After the search in the fingerprint files (KaPTOTeRH) it was discovered that the fingerprint had been left bv a man named Straton, a housebreaker. His arrest followed and he was tried for murder.
Ex. 30. bo the written translation of the following text:
Vollmer was one of the first in the West to recognize the potential value of fingerprints in crime detection and to use the system in his departtnent. In the early years of his carccr he was responsible for installing police call boxes on street comers. He also played an important role in the development of the lic detector and put it to practical use.
Ex. 31. Read the following text and find to the questions:
l. What are contact traces?
2. Why is the transfer of traces a two-way process?
3. Whv is the help which the expert can give in the case of contact traces limited?
The words which will help you understand the text are: transfer, n — IkepeHoc available, a — nocyvnHb]ñ
Trace Evidence
NIuch of thc criminai officer's work consists in providing evidence which links a person (the suspect or defendant) 'Wilh a place (the Scene of the crime) or an object. The link may be direct or indirect. The guiding principle in criminalistics is "Every contact leaves a trace". Identification of the trace may provide evidence of the contact. The examination of contact traces is most frequently necessary in such crimes as theft and burglaries. kn this case, the following items are to be examined:
l) tk)0tprints;
2) fingerprints;
3) impressions reproducing the shape of the objects which made them;
4) pieces of wood, metal, glass, etc., which are broken off in committing the crime;
5) pieces of clothing, hairs, etc.;
6) stains and traces of materials, such as paint, oil, etc...
The transfer of traces is often a two-way process. Traces from ihc crime scene may be carried awav on the person, clothing. etc., and at the same time, traces may be left at the crime scene by the criminal.
However, the help which the expert can give is limited if no one in particular is suspected or if no arrest bas been made. i.e. if only the scene of the crime is available for the examination. But even in this case the detective must make a thorough examination which may help him discover what size and type of footwear, or what colour and material ol' clothing the criminal was wearing.
(Forensic Science. H.J.Wails)
Ex. 32. Read text "B" without dictionary and try to understand it in general. Here are some new words: to targe nongeJ1b1BaTb a hand-lens — 
CICKJIO
Text "B".
Fingerprints
The studv of fingerprints-is the best means available for identifWing individuais. Fingerprinting is a sin-HTle and inexpensive means Of recording an unchanging characteristic of an individual. Fingerprint records are consulted to determine if there is anv prior criminal record, Thev help in determining the identity of the dead or injured. First the anthropometncal system introduced by Alphonse Bertiilon in 1 882 was used as the means of individual identification. But in 1896 Argentina became the first country to introduce dactvloscopy with the formation of a fingerprint classification system developed by Dr. Juan Vucetich. In 1897 in India Inspector Edward Henry worked out his fingerprint classification system• And by thc beginning of World War I England and practically all of Europe werc using dactyloscopy. This method is still used today though it has been further improved. Fingerprints are perhaps the most common form of physical evidence and certainly one of the most valuable. They relate directly to the final aim of every criminal investi-gation the identification of an offender. Fingerprints of the offender are often found at the scene of a crime. However, the prints can be easily destroyed by the first careless act. They are also, in many cases, difficult to find, especiallv latent prints. So it is necessary that the crime investigator make a thorough search of al] surfaces in and around the scene of a crime. Particular attention should be paid to such places as the backs of chairs, table tops, telephone, etc. Valuable help in obtaining laænt prints may be given from a person who knows the usual layout of the crime scene. He may point out articles that are out of place or identify objects that may have been brought in by the criminal. The possibility that the weapons of science can be turned against itself by the tòrging of fingerprints cannot bc ignored. At least forgery is of theoretical importance. To make a Facsimile of a fingerprint for some purpose would not be difficult, but it becomes a verv diftèrent matter when it is put into practical use as a forgery. It is certainly possible to make a fingerprint and get from it a visible print, but the forged fingerprint does not stand up to expert examination. Evcn, if it were possible, it is easily detectable wr ith the use of a good hand-]ens. The best weapon against such forgeries is, basically, the photographic enlargement.
(Fingerprinting: Magic Weapons Against Crime, E.B.BIock)
Ex. 33. Find answers in the text:
What was the first system of identification?
2. Who introduced dactyloscopy?
3. When was the first fingerprint classification worked out?
4. Why is fingerprinting the best means of identification?
5. Who may give help in obtaining latent prints?
6. Is forgery of fingerprints possible?
7. How can a forged fingerprint be detected?
Ex. 34. Do the foilowing tasks:
Divide the text into log?cal parts.
2. Give a name to each part.
3. Give the contents of each part in I -2 phrases.
4. Give the summary of the whole text.
Ex. 35. Give your opinion:
[s there anv new information tar you in this text?
2. What fingerprint classification is used in our country'?
3. What do you think of the problem of forging fingerprints?
Ex. 36. Do the written translation of the text:
Text 
Crime Scene and Duties of a Police Officer at a Crime Scene
When a crime is reported to the police, the initial police actions on arrival usually are:
— to arrest the perpetrators of the crime, if possible; 
to give first aid if required, protect the crime scene, question witnesses at the scene; 
to make a preliminary search for, recording and preserving of, and delivery of pertinent physical evidence to a laboratory.
The investigating process very often depends on the discovery of physical evidence found at the scene. The correct handling of any criminal evidence involves the vital need for proper collection and identification of all articles of interest.
Proper handling means to prevent careless destruction of anv evidence, to establish and maintain the chain of evidence and to prevent, wherever possible, the addition of any extraneous data to evidence already collected.
A competent search of a crime scene requires that an officer should have specialized training, an understandina of basic procedures, good knowledge of the "why" of certain actions, and close attention to detail in carrying them out.
To satisfry the legal requirements concerning physical evidence the investigator must be able to 
identify each article of evidence, even months after he collected it'. 
describe the exact location of the item at the time it vvas 
lected', prove that from the moment of its collection until it was presented in court, the evidence was continuouslv in proper custody, describe changes that have oecurred in the evidence between the time of its collection and its presentation in court. Ex. 37. Read the text and say what it is about:
FINGERPRINTS
The highly individual patterns of the ridges are constant for the whole of life and cannot be altered except by the destruction of the skin, but with the growth of fresh skin, the original pattern returns.
Hcre is the table which lays down a rule of ridge counts as- applicable to ages:
| New-born child | 15—1 8 ridges |
      H) years
| 13 ridges 
|
     14 years
| 12 ridges |
| Over 14 years | 9 1 0 ridges |
| 20 years (large hands) | 6— 7 ridges |
It is a general belief that most criminals wear gloves; in actual practice a surprising number of them fail to do so.
There are three main classes of chains impressions, the most important being the latent print. This is generally invisible to the naked eye and is generally made by the finger ball which impresses the papillary lines on an object with the aid of small amounts of sweat, body grease, and dirt. If the hands are very clean and cold, latent prints are unlikely to be made on any but good surfaces such as glass.
The second class compnses visible prints which need little explanation, for here dirt, blood, etc., on the fingertip will enable the print to be made. Prints of the type are infrequently tòund and they could be the result of haste or inattention.
A third class is the plastic print where a negative cast of the print is made on a so-called plastic object.
The life of the impression is variable and is governed by various fac{ors, but given a hard protected surface unlikely to be touched, a print is almost permanent.
(f the visible print cannot be wholly or partially removed to the place of examination, photography is the first answer. Once the record is made. it then becomes the requisite of the expert.
The latent print has a variety of techniques, applicable to the medium under examination. Dusting for prints is the automatic pre-requisite in the search for latent prints. Generally speaking, the use an appropriate powder for development comes first, and in theory the sort of powder used is not important providing it is fine-grained in qua!itv. A print on white objects, tor example, would be dusted with black powder. On dark objects white powder is used.
The possibility that the weapons of science can be turned against 
self by the forging of fingerprints cannot be discounted since this factor arises every now and again. At least forgery is of theoretical importance.
To make a facsimile of a fingerprint for some purpose would not be difficult, but it becomes a verv different matter when it is put into practi• cal use as a forgery.
It is certainty possible to make a fingerprint by means or a copy executed in rubber, tar example, and get from it a visible print, but the forged fingerprint does not stand up to expert examination. Even if it were possible, it is easilv detectable with the use of a good hand-lens u;hen the ridges show up at once as artificial. In brief, a forgerw cannot bc achieved in such a manner that it will successfullv pass the examination of a dactyIoscopic expert. The chief weapon against such attempts at deceit is, basi• cally the photographic enlargement.
And now do the following tasks:
l. Say how many parts this text can be divided into.
2. Give the contents of each part in 1—2 phrases.
3. Speak on the classification of imprints in the USA.
4. Speak on the problem of forgery of fingerprints.
Ex. 38. Do the written translation of the text:
LATENT PRINTS
The term "latent» means hidden, not apparent. For thc purpose of police terminologv and usage, however, a latent print (visible or invisible) is one which is obtained in connection with an investigation involving identification.
A latent print may be defined as the anatomical record, made by 
ily contact, of and from the crests of the papillary ridges which are IOcated on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the body.
Three general types of friction ridge prints may be obtained in connection with an investigation: visible, plastic, and latent.
Visible prints are those which have been made by transferring a foreign colored substance, such as ink, blood, etc., from the crests of the papillary ridges to thc object touched.
Plastic or moulcled imprints, also readilv discernible. are depth impressions of the ridge design in a soft medium. such as thick dust. blood. orease. ctc.
True. latent prints are those which are made by the natural skin secretions such as perspiration. sebaceous oil, or by some colorless foreign substance.
It should be kept in mind that any palmar or plantar skin design will serve to positively identify a person. and it will be accepted and recognizecl bv thc courts as being conclusive evidence or identitv.
Frequently a latcnt print is the on}v evidence available which will serve to identifv a perpetrator with his crime.
The identification, apprehension. and successful prosecution of numcrous criminals have been effected solelv because a small friction ridge print "-as obtained durino the investigation.
A thorough search of the crimc scene should be conducted. and recovered evidence should be examined in an effOrt to secure latent prints, if such are present.
•rheareticallv. most surfaces with which the human skin comes in contact are capable of retainin2 latenl prints. There is no RLlarantee, however. that an identifiable print will be found.
It would be ideal if a search for latent prints at every crime scene could be conducted bv a lab expert, but until such time becomes prac•tical and possible, the field officer must look particularlv for those surfaces v•/hieh, from experience. he may expect to be •nost productive in retaining friction ridge evidence.
In order to determine i f there are items which possibly mav bear latent prints. the officer should qacstian the victim and witnesses carefullv. and should also relv upon his 0':vn observations, experience, innagination. and lo«rical deduction.
