(The Present Simple Tense)
Простое настоящее время образуется при помощи
1-ой формы глагола (инфинитива). Третье лицо единственного числа образуется при помощи прибавления окончания –s к инфинитиву.
Данное время употребляется для обозначения постоянного, повторяющегося действия в настоящем, а также для выражения действия, происходящего в момент речи с глаголами, которые не употребляются в длительных временах. Проспрягаем глагол to work в данном времени и образуем вопросительную и отрицательную форму:
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I work You work He works She works It works We work They work | Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do they work? | I do not/ don’t work You do not/ don’t work He does not/ doesn’t work She does not/ doesn’t work It does not/ doesn’t work We do not/ don’t work They do not/ don’t work |
Спряжение глагола to be в простом настоящем времени:
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I am/ I’m You are/ you’re He is/ he’s She is/ she’s It is/ it’s We are/ we’re They are/ they’re | Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they? | I am not/ I’m not You are not/ you’re not (aren’t) He is not/ he’s not (isn’t) She is not/ she’s not (isn’t) It is not/ it’s not (isn’t) We are not/ we’re not (aren’t) They are not/ they’re not (aren’t) |
Спряжение глагола to have в простом настоящем времени:
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
В значении «иметь, обладать» have = have got | ||
I have/ have (I’ve) got You have/ have (you’ve) got He has/ has (he’s) got She has/ has (she’s) got It has/ has (it’s) got We have/ have (we’ve) got They have/ have (they’ve) got | Do I have?/ Have I got? Do you have?/ Have you got? Does he have?/ Has he got? Does she have?/ Has she got? Does it have?/ Has it got? Do we have?/ Have we got? Do they have?/ Have they got? | I don’t have/ haven’t got You don’t have/ haven’t got He doesn’t have/ hasn’t got She doesn’t have/ hasn’t got It doesn’t have/ hasn’t got We don’t have/ haven’t got They don’t have/ haven’t got |
Например:
She has (got) nice manners? But she has (got) a quick temper.
Have you got any objections to this proposal?
Do they have many English books?
I don’t have/ I haven’t got a car.
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
1. В устойчивых сочетаниях со значением деятельности или однократного действия: to have breakfast (dinner, lunch, supper, coffee, tea), to have a cup of tea (a meal, a break, a snack, a drink), to have a bath (a wash, a shower, a walk, a nap, a swim), to have fun, (a rest, a holiday, a good time), to have a bad dream, to have an accident, to have difficulties, to have a row, to have a look (a go, a say, a word) | ||
I have You have He has She has It has We have They have | Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have? | I don’t have You don’t have He doesn’t have She doesn’t have It doesn’t have We don’t have They don’t have |
Например:
We always have lunch at one.
Do you have trouble with the police?
I don’t like to have dinner alone.
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
2. В значении долженствования с оттенком вынужденности, на русский язык часто переводимое как «приходиться» have to
| ||
I have You have He has She has It has We have They have | Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have? | I don’t have You don’t have He doesn’t have She doesn’t have It doesn’t have We don’t have They don’t have |
Например:
He has to visit his grandmother every day. Ему приходится навещать свою бабушку каждый день.
На простом примере вспомним четыре основные вопросительные формы в английском языке:
Children go to school every day.
1. Общий вопрос: Do children go to school every day?
2. Специальные вопросы:
Who goes to school every day?
Where do children go every day?
When (How often) do children go to school?
В качестве вопросительных слов в специальных вопросах употребляются:
Who?, Whom?, Whose?, What?, Which?, When?, Where?, Why?, How?, How many?, How much?, How old?, How far? и т.д.
3. Альтернативные вопросы:
Do children or grown-ups go to school every day?
Do children go to school every day or not?
4. Разделительный вопрос:
Children go to school every day, don’t they (do they not)?
Прошедшее простое время (The Past Simple Tense)
Прошедшее простое время образуется при помощи присоединения окончания -ed к инфинитиву, если глагол является правильным или при помощи второй формы глагола (по таблице).
Прошедшее простое время употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося в прошлом и не связанного настоящим, а также последовательного или обычно повторяющегося действия в прошлом:
He went to school last year.
Глаголы в простом прошедшем времени имеют следующие вопросительные и отрицательные формы:
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I arrived You saw He smiled She cried It snowed We met They played | Did I arrive? Did you see? Did he smile? Did she cry? Did it snow? Did we meet? Did they play? | I did not/ didn’t arrive You did not/ didn’t see He did not/ didn’t smile She did not/ didn’t cry It did not/ didn’t snow We did not/ didn’t meet They did not/ didn’t play |
Спряжение глагола to be в прошедшем простом времени:
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I was You were He was She was It was We were They were | Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were they? | I was not/ wasn’t You were not/ weren’t He was not/ wasn’t She was not/ wasn’t It was not/ wasn’t We were not/ weren’t They were not/ weren’t |
Следует помнить, что в английском языке существуют другие способы описания привычных, повторяющихся действий. Например:
1. Оборот used to + инфинитив:
She used to dislike Fred, but now she likes him. Раньше она не любила Фрэда, а сейчас он ей нравится.
2. Модальный глагол would + инфинитив:
When I studied at school I would always get up at 7 o’clock. Когда я учился в школе, я всегда вставал в семь часов.