2015-06-28
3629
TEXT 1 “ WHERE DOES THE WORD “AUTOMOBILE”COME FROM?”
The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning “self”, mobilis – a Latin word meaning “movable”. The two words taken together mean “self-moving”. Thus, an automobile means a self-moving vehicle. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.
The role and importance of an automobile arise the fact that it can move along roads unprovided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.
The automobile has long since ceased to be matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.
The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
a great number of –огромное количество;
to adapt – приспосабливать, адаптировать;
an agency – средство;
to consist of – состоять из …;
to develop – разрабатывать, развивать;
luxury – роскошь;
to move – двигать;
road maintenance, improvement and construction – поддержание, обслуживание и строительство дорог;
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a self-moving vehicle – самодвижущееся транспортное средство;
unprovided with rails – необеспеченный рельсовой дорогой;
a vehicle - транспортное средство;
well adapted for ordinary road conditions – хорошо адаптируемый, приспособленный для обычных дорожных условий.
TEXT 2 “COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE”
Basically, the automobile consists of three parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body. To these may be added the accessories: the heater, lights, radio, speedometer and other devices.
The power plant or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.
The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system.
The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, differential and the final drive.
The clutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by the clutch pedal.
Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, they are applied and the car stops.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
an engine – двигатель;
accessories – приспособления, принадлежности;
fuel – топливо;
power train – силовая передача;
a frame – рама;
a spring – пружина;
a clutch – сцепление, захват;
a gearbox – коробка передач;
braking systems – системы торможения.
TEXT 3 “ENGINE LATHE”
The engine lathe is the most commonly used machine tool. It is used for great variety of metal operations, such as turning, drilling, screw cutting and many others.
The principal units of the lathe are the bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage with the apron.
The bed is the base of any machine tool and it is made of grey iron casting on which the saddle and the tailstock slide along special guide ways. The headstock is also located and bolted on the bed.
The headstock contains the spindle and the speed gearbox. The spindle is the part of the machine to which power is applied to rotate the work. The changing of the spindle speed is effected by levers.
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The tailstock consists of a casting fitted to the bed. The function of the tailstock is to support one end of the work turned between centers and to mount the tools.
The carriage of the lathe, which carries the tool, is made up of two principal parts: the saddle and the apron. The saddle travels along the guide ways of the bed. The apron represents the front wall of the carnage. On the front of the apron are mounted the handles and levers by which the actions of the tool are controlled.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
an engine lathe – токарный станок;
the principal units of the lathe – основные устройства токарного станка;
a bed – станина;
a headstock – шпиндельная бабка;
iron – железо;
guide ways – направляющие;
to rotate – вращать, поворачивать;
top support – обеспечивать, поддерживать;
to mount the tools – устанавливать инструменты;
the handles and levers – ручки и рычаги.
TEXT 4 “METALS”
Mankind has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities but only now, they are employed in really great quantities.
Today we know more than seventy metals, the majority of which are used in industry.
Of all the metals iron is the most important one. Absolutely pure iron is never prepared except for laboratory purposes. The irons and steels in use today are really alloys of iron, carbon and other substances. They can be made elastic, tough, hard, or comparatively soft.
Mechanical properties of metals are the result of their atomic structure. They include hardness, ductility and malleability, which are of special importance in engineering.
Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
Malleability is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed by compression without rupture.
These properties are similar to each other but not the same. Most metals increase these properties at higher temperatures.
The strength of a metal is the property of resistance to external loads and stresses.
These mechanical properties are of great importance in industrial purposes because all parts and units made of iron and steel must meet up-to-date demands.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
mankind – человечество;
to increase – увеличивать;
to employ – использовать;
laboratory purposes – лабораторные цели;
to alloy – справлять, справляться;
substance – вещество;
mechanical properties of metals – механические свойства металлов;
hardness – твёрдость;
ductility – пластичность;
malleability – тягучесть;
resistance – сопротивление.
TEXT 5 “ THE ENGINE”
The engine is the source of power that makes the car move. It is usually called an internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.
The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine that takes place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four strokes. The upper limit of the piston movement is called the top dead centre. The lower limit of piston movement is called the bottom dead centre. A stroke is the piston movement from the top dead centre to the bottom dead centre, or from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its motion.
Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.
Two-cycle engines have also been made, and in such engines the entire cycle of events is completed in two strokes or one revolution of the crankshaft.
On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered into the cylinder through the inlet valve.
On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed so that the mixture can be compressed.
On the power stroke both valves (inlet and exhaust) are closed in order to rise pressure during the mixture combustion.
On the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened to exhaust the residual gas.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
an internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания;
stroke – ход;
a piston – поршень;
crankshaft – коленчатый вал;
inlet valve. – впускной клапан;
exhaust valve - выпускной клапан;
gasoline – бензин;
pressure – давление;
residual gas – остаточный газ.
TEXT 6 “ WELDING”
Welding is a process of joining together metallic parts by heating the place of contact to the fusion state. Welding processes are classified according to the source of energy employed for heating, the metals and the state of the metal at the place of welding.
There are different types of welding such as hammer welding, thermit welding, electric arc welding, gas welding, etc. Hammer welding is a process in which two heated metal parts are joined and fused together by force from a power hammer. Thermit welding is a process consisting of a chemical reaction. It is used in repairing large sections such as rails, frames, etc. Resistance welding process forms a whole group consisting of many types of welding such as spot welding, butt welding and others.
In arc welding the workpieces are not melted by a flame. They are melted by an electric arc. In order to create the arc, a powerful electric current must be provided. The current must be at least 60 A, otherwise the arc will not create enough heat.
In gas welding, it is necessary to use a mixture of two gases. To create a hot flame, a combustible gas must be mixed with oxygen.
Gas welding is normally used to join steel to steel.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
welding –сварка;
process of joining – процесс присоединения;
different types of welding – различные типы сварки;
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chemical reaction – химическая реакция;
thermit welding – термическая сварка;
electric arc – электрическая сварка;
gas welding – газовая сварка;
spot welding – точечная сварка;
arc welding – дуговая сварка;
flame – пламя;
oxygen – кислород.
TEXT 7 “HENRY FORD (1863-1947)”
Most people credit Henry Ford with inventing the automobile. The fact is he didn't — such a complex machine is the result of a combination of technologies developed by many people over time. He did, however, invent the assembly line, which revolutionized the way we make cars, and how much they cost.
In 1908, Ford's company began selling his famous Model T for $850 each. The Model T was inexpensive for its day, and proved to be reliable and easy to operate. It quickly became very popular; and soon Ford found he was unable to meet the enormous demand for his cars.
Ford's solution was to invent a moving industrial production line. By installing a moving belt in his factory, employees would be able to build cars one piece at a time, instead of one car at a time. This principle, called "division of labor", allowed workers to focus on doing one thing very well, rather than being responsible for a number of tasks.
Ford found his new system produced cars quickly and efficiently; so efficiently that it considerably lowered the cost of assembling the cars. He decided to pass these savings along to his customers, and in 1915 dropped the price of the Model T to $290. That year, he sold 1 million cars.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
inventing – изобретение;
to develop – разработать, развивать;
assembly line – конвейер;
selling – продажи;
demand – спрос;
solution – решение;
moving belt – конвейер;
division of labor – разделение труда;
efficiently – эффективно;
considerably lowered the cost – значительно понизило стоимость.
TEXT 8 “What is a computer?”
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:
• Hardware.
• Software.
• People.
• Procedure.
• Data/information.
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected — for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite — is an element of the total computer, system»
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision-making. Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in digital form.
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Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
term – термин;
combination of electronic and electromechanical components – сочетание электронных и электромеханических компонентов;
hardware – оборудование;
software – программное обеспечение;
data/information – данные/информация;
to communicate – настраивать;
to perform a task – выполнить задачу;
to create – создавать;
processing of information – обработка информации;
to convert – преобразовывать;
to store information in digital form – хранение информации в цифровой форме.
TEXT 9 “Mass Production”
Car manufacturer Henry Ford laid the foundation for the revolutionary change in the entire motor vehicle industry.
The key for mass production was not the moving assembly line. It was the complete interchangeability of parts and the simplicity of attaching them to each other. These were the innovations that made the assembly line possible. Taken together, they gave Ford tremendous advantage over his competitors.
Ford's first efforts to assemble his cars, beginning in 1903, were to set up assembly stands on which a whole car was built. Each assembler performed many jobs on one car and had to get the necessary parts for it.
The first step Ford took to make this process more efficient was to deliver the parts to each workstation. Now each assembler remained in the same place all day. Later in 1908 Ford decided that each assembler would perform only one task and move around the factory from car to car. In 1913 cars were placed on a moving assembly line. Each assembler performed one task only and remained stationary. This innovation cut cycle time from 2.3 minutes to 1.19 minutes, thus dramatically improving productivity.
Ford's discovery simultaneously reduced the amount of human effort needed to assemble an automobile. What is more, the more vehicles Ford produced, the more the cost per vehicle fell. In the early 1920s Ford produced 2 million identical vehicles a year.
Ford's mass production was adopted in almost every industrial activity in America and Europe.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
foundation – основа;
motor vehicle industry – автомобильная промышленность;
assembly line – конвейер;
an advantage – преимущество;
a competitor – конкурент;
an effort – попытка;
necessary – необходимый;
to perform – исполнять, выполнять;
productivity – производительность;
to improve – возрастать, повышаться;
to produce – производить;
to adopt – принять.
TEXT 10 “ Electric Car”
The electric car is not a new idea. It had success with American women in the early 1900s. Women liked electric cars because they were quiet and, what was more important, they did not pollute the air. Electric cars were also easier to start than gasoline-powered ones. However, the latter was faster, and in the 1920s they became much more popular.
The electric car was not used until the 1970s, when there were serious problems with the availability of oil. The General Motors Co. had plans to develop an electric car by 1980. However, soon oil became available again, and this car was never produced.
Today there is a new interest in the electric car. The Toyota Co. recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the development of new car technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car will lead to other forms of technology being used for transportation.
Car companies are working at developing a supercar. A super-efficient car will have an electric motor. Four possible power sources are being investigated. The simple one is batteries. Another possibility is fuel cells, which combine oxygen from air with hydrogen to make electricity. Yet another approach would be a flywheel (маховик), an electric generator consisting of free-spinning wheels with magnets in the rims that can produce a current. A fourth possible power source for the super-car would be a small turbine engine, running on a clean fuel like natural gas. It would run at a constant speed, generating electricity for driving vehicles or for feeding a bank of batteries, storing energy for later use.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
success – успех;
quiet – тихий;
to pollute – загрязнять;
gasoline – бензин;
to use – использовать;
oil – нефть;
development – развитие;
super-efficient – суперэкономичный;
fuel cells – топливные элементы;
oxygen – кислород;
to consist – состоять;
clean fuel – экологически чистое топливо;
constant speed – постоянная скорость;
driving vehicles – транспортные средства.
TEXT 11 “ WHO INVENTED THERMOMETER?”
The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei in 1593. His thermometer consisted of water in a glass bulb. The water moved up and down the bulb as the temperature changed.
The sealed thermometer was invented in 1641 by the Grand Duke Ferdinand II. He used a glass tube containing alcohol, which freezes well below the freezing point of water (alcohol freezes at —175° F= —115° C). He sealed the tube to exclude the influence of air pressure.
Mercury was later substituted for the alcohol, and then Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1688— 1736), a German physicist, used mercury plus a chemical solution that kept the mercury from sticking to the tube of the thermometer (in 1714). Fahrenheit also expanded the thermometer's scale (in 1724). On Fahrenheit scale, the temperature of boiling water is 212°F and the freezing point of water is 32°F.
Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, invented the Celsius (or Centigrade) scale in 1742, putting the freezing point of water at 0° and the boiling point at 100°.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
to invent – изобретать;
to consist of – состоять из;
to exclude – исключать;
influence – влияние;
the freezing point of water – точка кипения воды;
the boiling point – точка замерзания.
TEXT 12 “INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB”
Humphrey Davy, an English scientist, made the first incandescent electric lamp in 1800. He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is called an electric arc.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828—1914) was made a practical, long lasting electric light. He found that a carbon paper filament worked well, but burned up quickly. In 1878, he demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
The inventor Thomas Alva Edison (in the USA) experimented with thousands of different filaments to find just the right materials to glow well and be long lasting. In 1879, Edison discovered that a carbon filament in an oxygen-free bulb glowed but did not bum up for 40 hours. Edison eventually produced a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours.
In 1903, Willis R. Whitney invented a treatment for the filament so that it would not darken the inside of the bulb as it glowed. In 1910, William David Coolidge (1873—1975) invented a tungsten filament, which lasted even longer than the older filaments. The incandescent bulb revolutionized the world.
Слова, словосочетания и специальные термины по теме:
an incandescent lamp — лампанакаливания;
to glow — светиться;
long-lasting — долговечный;
filament — нить накала;
oxygen-free — бескислородный;
eventually — в конечном счете;
a bulb — лампочка;
treatment — обработка;
an electric arc — электрическая дуга.
