Ecological engineering

Ecological engineering is an emerging study of integrating ecology and engineering, concerned with the design, monitoring and construction of ecosystems. According to Mitsch (1996) "the design of sustainable ecosystems intends to integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both".

Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine, its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engineering was introduced by Howard Odum and others as utilizing natural energy sources as the predominant input to manipulate and control environmental systems.

Mitsch and Jorgensen wrote that ecological engineering is designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted the design should be systems based, sustainable, and integrate society with its natural environment. Odum emphasized that self-organizational properties were a central feature to ecological engineering.

Mitsch and Jørgensen were the first to define ecological engineering and provide ecological engineering principles. Later they refined the definition and increased the number of principles. They defined and characterized ecological engineering. They suggest the goal of ecological engineering is: a) the restoration of ecosystems that have been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution or land disturbance, and b) the development of new sustainable ecosystems that have both human and ecological values. They summarized the five concepts key to ecological engineering as:

it is based on the self-designing capacity of ecosystems,

it can be a field test of ecological theory,

it relies on integrated system approaches,

it conserves non-renewable energy, and

it supports biological conservation.

Ecological engineering can be defined as: utilizing ecological science and theory, applying to all types of ecosystems, adapting engineering design methods, and acknowledging a guiding value system.

Вариант № 5

I.Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. New houses are being built in our street.

2. The student was visited at the hospital.

3. The farm bought two new combines last year.

4. Our laboratory will be given some new modern devices.

5. The book had been published by the end of the year.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, найдите и подчеркните инфинитив и причастие, определите функцию инфинитива и причастия в предложении.

1. To finish a new canal the workers worked very hard.
2. To work on a farm is necessary for every student of an agricultural university.
3. She will be cleaning the flat from 10 till 12 tomorrow.
4. He hurried so as not to miss the train.
5. Finished with his breakfast, he remained for some time at the table.
6. The work to be done is very important.
7. The house was built in the forest
8. The only thing left was to go home.

III. Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните объективный и субъективный инфинитивные обороты, переведите на русский язык.

1. The house seemed not to have been lived in for a long time.
2. The crop was supposed to be rich that year.
3. They think him to be the most outstanding actor.
4. He wanted her to record the film.
5. The article is sure to be a success.

IV. Перепишите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, переведите их.

1. The professor having left the room, we began to discuss his lecture.
2. Farmers harvested good yields, new agricultural machines having been bought.
3. The rain having stopped, they went to the park.

V. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

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