2015-07-14
1430
Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His family moved to Vienna when he was four years old, and though he often said he hated the city, he lived there until it was occupied by Germany in 1938.
Freud was a good student, and very ambitious. In 1873 he entered the medical school of the University of Vienna. He hoped to go into neurophysiological research, but pure research was hard to manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy (материально). Freud was engaged and needed to be able to support a family before he could marry and so he determined to go into private practice with a specialty in neurology.
During his training he made friends (подружился) with Josef Breuer, another physician (врач) and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases together. Freud went to Paris for further study under (под руководством) Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist known all over Europe for his studies of hysterics and use of hypnosis. In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married.
In 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, and introduced the public to the notion of the unconscious mind. In 1902, he published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which he theorized that forgetfulness or slips of the tongue (now called “Freudian slips”) were not accidental at all, but it was the “dynamic unconscious” telling us something meaningful.
In 1901, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and began to gather devoted (преданный) disciples (последователи) who by 1906 formed a Psychoanalytic Society. Other such groups emerged in other cities. But such disciples as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung split (покинули) from the group.
Freud continued working, developing his theories, and writing large volumes of work.
In 1923, he was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw (челюсть), a result of years of cigar smoking. He was 67. He would have 30 operations over the next 16 years to treat the progressive disease. When Nazis took over Austria in 1938, Freud’s passport was confiscated and his books burned. Freud left Austria and he and his family went to England. He died in London in September, 1939.
