ему. Мы зря солгали ему.)

2) As a regular verb need can have all the necessary forms, in- cluding the verbals. It also expresses necessity. It is followed by the infinitive with to and is mainly u sed in interrogative and nega- tive sentences (like the defective need).

E.g. He did not need to explain.

You don't need to tell me that you are sorry. Did you need to read all those books?

It should be noted that this need is in more common use than the defective need, particularly in American English.

e-g. He needs a new coat. Does he need my help? He does not need anything.

dare

1) Dare as a defective verb has two forms which are the present and the past forms. It means 'to have the courage or impertinence to do something. ' Its use is very restricted. In present-day English it is mainly found in questions beginning with how, which are actu- ally exclamations, and in negative sentences.

e.g. How dare you say that! How dare she come here! How many years is it since we danced together? I daren't think.

He dared not look at her.

2) Dare as a regular verb has all the necessary forms includ- ing the verbals. It has the same meaning as the defective dare. Its use is also restricted. It is mainly found in negative sentences.

e.g. He does not dare to come here again.

She told me she had never dared to ask him about it. No one dared to live in the house since.

3) Note the colloquial set phrase / dare say.

e.g. I dare say I looked a little confused.

My son is not in town, but I dare say he will be before long.

In Russian this phrase is usually rendered as очень возможно, пожалуй, полагаю, осмелюсьсказать.

Expressions of Absence of Necessity

Absence of necessity is expressed by the negative forms of to have to and need.

In the present tense:

e.g. You don't have to go there. You needn't go there.

The two verbs generally differ in that needn't + infinitive in- dicates that the speaker gives authority for the non-performance of some action, whereas don't (doesn't) have + infinitive is used when absence of necessity is based on external circumstances.

Cf. You needn't come here. (I'll manage everything without your

Help.)

You don't have to come to the Institute tomorrow. (There will be no lectures tomorrow.)

In the past tense (where the regular form of the verb need is found) the two verbs are similar in meaning. They both indicate that there was no necessity, and hence no action. But to need is not in common use.

e.g. You did not have to go there. You did not need to go there.