2015-08-13
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(inflammation)
IL - 1 – interleukin -1. Receptors to IL - 1 have all cells of an organism.
IL - 6 - interleukin - 6
TNF -α - Tumor necrosis factor - alpha
The scheme 2. The role of cytokines in pathogenesis of acute phase reactions.
| Effects | Consequences | |
| IL-1 | Activation of T- lymphocytes, secretion IL-2 by T- lymphocytes, expression receptors for IL-2 | Activation of immune response, inflammation, fever, stress, allergy, tissue damage |
| Maturation of B-lymphocytes | ||
| Production IL-6, IL-8 | ||
| Adhesion of neutrophils | ||
| Expression molecules of adhesion on endothelium for neutrophils and macrophages | ||
| Chemotaxis of neutrophils. Increase of vascular permeability | ||
| Increase of NК-cells’ cytotoxic activity | ||
| Synthesis of acute phase proteins | ||
| Secretion of thromboplastin by macrophages and endothelial cells | ||
| Fever | ||
| Drowsiness | ||
| reticulocytosis | ||
| Synthesis of macrophagial coloniostimulating factor (М-CSF) | ||
| Increase secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (stress) | ||
| Proliferation of smooth muscle cells | ||
| Destruction of muscular tissue | ||
| Destruction of cartilage | ||
| Resorptoin of bone tissue by osteoclasts |
The scheme 3. Effects of interleukin – 1 (by V.F.Kuznetsov, 2000)
| Hypothalamus | Elevation of body temperature (fever) |
| Hypothalamus-hypophysis -adrenals system | Increase in secretion кортиколиберина → ↑АКТГ → ↑глюкокортикоидов (stress) |
| Metabolism | Catabolism activation, negative nitrogen balance, loss of phosphates, sulfates, potassium and amino acids, kreatin, kreatinin and a uric acid with urine. Break down of lipids, glycogen, and activation of gluconeogenesis. Usage of endogenous energy sources. |
| Immune system | Т-and B – lymphocytes activation |
| Blood | · Activation of kallikrein-kinin, complement, blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems · Dysproteinemia · Increase of syal acids (a component of glycoproteins) · Increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| Hemopoietic system (bone marrow) | Increase neutrophils, reticulocytes |
| Neutrophils | Output of lactoferrin → binding blood iron (from transferrin, bacteria) → hyposideremia (sideropenia) |
| Liver | Activation of synthesis of acute phase globulins: fibrinogen, С-reactive protein (practically is absent in norm), amyloid A and Р, gaptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, ferritin, antihemophylic globulin, YII, IX factors of coagulation, anticoagolatory proteins C and S, antithrombin III, plasminogen, α2 - macroglobulin, etc. (all about 30). Functions of globulins of acute phase reactions: - antioxidant (ceruloplasmin, amyloid, gaptoglobin, - С-reactive protein, transcobalamin, α2-macroglobulin); - antimicrobic (С-reactive protein, lactoferrin, complement components). Reduce tissue intake of iron and zinc → ↓ bacteria reproduction - participation in hemostasis (factors of blood coagulation and anticoagulants) |
The scheme 4. The main effects of acute phase reactions
