Tasks and assignments

1*. Comment on the origin of the following native words. Distribute them into two groups: a) Indo-European; b) Common Germanic:

summer, shall, will, I, mother, bridge, stand, arm, moon, shoot, by, stone, tree, me, goose, car, drive, heart, under, hope, sun, life, one, eye, ice, skirt, foot, coal, bull, be, white.

2*. Analyse the following lexical groups. Which of the words do not belong to the native stock?

a) fowl, goose, hen, chicken, duck, turkey;

b) fruit, apricot, orange, water-melon, banana, grapes, cherry, pear, melonfig, lemon, mango, apple, plum;

c) cattle, sheep, lamb, boar, bull, mule, donkey, ox, ass, mare, goat, horse, cow, cat, rabbit, deer, hog, dog.

3.* Find 8 Celtic words in the following list:

nut, bin, rat, cart, strawberry, cradle, to go, to carry, budget, to reduce, to stop, career, crocodile, present, window, car, man, bard, sky, standard, fun, joke, flannel, whisky, tea, slogan, money, reel, needle, mackintosh, to take, to kick, summer, inch.

4. State whether the given word were borrowed into English directly or indirectly, i.e. through another language. Define the source and origin of the given borrowed words:

generate < Lat. generare; college < Old Fr. collége < Lat. collegium; pupil < Old Fr. pipille < Lat. pupillus or pupilla (diminutive from pupus ‘boy’ or pupa ‘girl’); datum < Lat. datum ‘given’; round < Old Fr. ront < Lat. rotundus ‘round’, from rota ‘a wheel’; connoisseur < Old Fr. conoiseor, from connoistre ‘to know’ < Lat. cognōscere; yin < Chinese yīn ‘feminine, moon, shade’; bistro < Fr. bistro < Russian ‘быстро’; bonanza < Spanish bonanza, literally ‘calm sea’, hence ‘good luck’ < Lat. bonacia (bonus ‘good’ + malacia ‘dead calm’); dogma < Lat. < Greek dokein; casino < Italian diminutive of casa ‘house’ < Lat. casa ‘house’; poodle < German Pudel; fjord < Old Norse fjörthr; tattoo < Tahitian tatau; cobra < Portuguese cobra; hippopotamus < Latin < Greek hippopotamos ‘river horse’; ghetto < Italian ghetto.

5. Classify the following words and expressions: a) according to their origin; b) according to the degree of their assimilation in the English language (completely assimilated borrowings, partially assimilated borrowings, unassimilated borrowings):

tango, mango, taco, burrito, coup, ox, kindergarten, beef, têt-a-têt, mutton, pig, infant, enfant terrible, shawl, situation, tranquality, beau monde, fisherman, lady, nazi, painter, prima donna, orthography, guerilla, machine, umbrella, school, devil, taboo, telephone, chocolate, waltz, dollar, beauty, tobacco, anchor, sputnik, album, begin, baker, duvet, cuisine, tundra, sauna, confetti, fiasco, embargo, piano, junta, matador, arena, cole slaw, alcohol, radio, very.

6.* Build up pairs of etymological doublets:

scabby, nay, ward, off, route, salon, no, chivalry, papyrus, guard, thorough, shirt, shell, disc, rout, of, mayor, screw, saloon, chart, cavalry, shadow, artiste, major, pauper, cart, hotel, skirt, poor, hospital, channel, jail, legal, artist, gaol, sir, loyal, canal, senior, shade, hostel, disk, scale, through, shrew, shabby, paper.