2015-08-21
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Specification/ narrowing of the meaning occurs when a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower sense in which it is applicable only to some of the entities it previously denoted,
Deer: any beast > a certain kind of beast
Meat: any food > a certain food product
Boy: any young person of the male sex > servant of the male sex
Transposition occurs when an item develops a new sense within one and the same part of speech. The new sense results neither from specification nor from generalization of meaning. Its meaning relates to the previous meaning via contiguity “ суміжність” (metonymy) or likeness (metaphor).
Leg: part of a body > leg of the table
Arm > arm of the chair
Eye > needle eye
Avenue > avenue to fame
Screw > screw (about the person)
Dish (plate) > dish (meal)
Conversion is a process of word-formation in which the word comes to belong to a new word class without addition of any affix. The words changes its part of speech meaning and the formal grammatical features.
| N > V are the most numerous, e.g. hand > to hand, back>to back, face >to face, eye > to eye, monkey > to monkey, blackmail >to blackmail, honeymoon > to honeymoon, | V > N to do > do ( event, incident ) e. g. This is the queerest do I've ever come across. to go > go ( energy) e. g. He has still plenty of go at his age. to make > make, to run >run, to find > find, to catch >catch | A > V pale >to pale, yellow > to yellow, cool > to cool, grey > to grey, rough > to rough e. g. We decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm |
Conversion may be accompanied by the change of stress,
ʹobject > to obʹject
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ʹimport > to imʹport
Borrowing
Borrowing is the process of introduction of the word from one language (source) into another (target) language. This word is modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language, paper < Fr papier
Translation-loans are words and expressions made from the material available in the language after the patterns characteristic of the given language, but under the influence of some foreign words and expressions. They are morpheme-for-morpheme or word-for-word translations form the source language.
e.g. mother tongue < lingua maternal (Latin)
wall newspaper < стенгазета (Russian)
the fair sex < la beau sexe (French)
