III. Reading

Text„Machine vision: the eyes of integrated manufacturing”

Remember the words:

environment (1) оточуюче середовище expensive(7) дорогий

dot (2) крапка scrap(7) відходи

light intensity(3) напруженість світла warranty costs(7) гарантійні витрати

to discern(3) розпізнавати benefits(9) користь

to evaluate(5) оцінювати to custom the program(11) добирати програму

to emerge (7) з’являтися vendor(11) продавець

(1) Machine vision is a technique for gathering data from the surrounding environment. Although most often thought of as cameras and image processors, machine vision also includes technologies such as lasers as well as sonar and infrared sensors.

(2) Most vision systems, however, consist of a camera, image processor and an operator interface. Images are gathered by the camera in a field made of small dots called pixels. Each pixel represents the light at that point and is given a value as such. Early vision systems operated in a binary fashion, in which each pixel was reduced to a light/ no light value.

(3) Practical applications of vision systems demanded so-called gray scale images, in which each pixel is given a value representing light intensity. Most commercial vision systems can discern 64 levels of light, or gray scales, although some operate at 264 gray- scale levels to handle more demanding tasks.

(4) Another important characteristic of vision systems is resolution, the number of pixels that can be processed. Today’s vision systems typically operate at 512 (horizontal) x 512 (vertical) pixels. Newer versions handle 1,024 x 1,024 resolution, which increase the field of vision by a factor of four over 512 x 512 systems. Such systems eliminate or reduce the need for multiple cameras to make vision more reliable as well as easier to install and maintain.

(5) Many algorithms and techniques are needed to evaluate an image. This function generally determines the number of features the system can check and the time required to make such checks. Some vision systems evaluate images with sophisticated software, while others use unique hardware to speed up the process.

(6) Although vision systems can perform much more „intelligent” part of inspections than other type of equipment, a price must be paid and that is in programming. Telling the system exactly what to look for can be time- consuming. But sophisticated programming methods using computer graphics and menus ease this task greatly. Eventually, vision systems will be able to take part geometry directly from CAD/CAM to further reduce programming time.

(7) Machine vision systems are emerging as a vital element in factory automation, to help ensure quality and providing feedback to control production processes. Quality control applications are especially pushing the progress of machine vision. Although vision systems are fairly expensive, they can provide an increase in quality that can quickly pay for itself. These savings come from reduced scrap, less rework, and lower warranty costs.

(8) Most of this quality control is being implemented as inspection systems, in which the vision device checks parts for qualities that are impossible with means other than human inspection. But unlike humans, vision systems do not get tired or sick and are more accurate, faster, or both. Moreover, vision systems provide a consistent method for performing inspections, eliminating variations that may lead to rejection of good parts or acceptance of bad parts.

(9) Integrated manufacturing practically requires the benefits of machine vision. Since vision systems are computer- based, they can be programmed and can communicate with other intelligent devices and even higher-level computers such as CAD/CAM systems.

(10) Another application for vision in the factory is robot guidance. The idea is to allow robots to see what they are doing, increasing productivity and flexibility of the device. Industry analysts debate: the complexity and costs limit vision to a small percentage of installed robots.

(11) Advocates of robot vision, however, seem to be winning the argument.

Vision systems must become easier to program if they are to see widespread use in the factory. Users cannot afford experts to custom program each system since a large factory may have dozens or even hundreds of vision systems.

Industry observers also point out that vision vendors must become more „factory- oriented” if they are to meet the needs of integrated manufacturing. Many suppliers sprung from academia and therefore may not understand the harsh realities of the factory.

(12) Although work is being done on three- dimensional robot guidance, practical applications in vision systems are simpler.

IV. Match the words according to their a)similar meaning:

thought (1) consist (2)

include (1) guidance (10,12)

field (2,4) fast (8)

demand (3,4) idea (10)

handling (3) require (5,9)

eliminate (4,8) important (4,10)

check (5,8) technique (5)

sophisticated (5,6) area

implement (8) limit (10)

quickly (7) apply (10)

debate (10) argue (11)

vital (7) inspection (6,8)

unique (5) special (7)

characteristics (4) features (5)

allow (10) afford (11)

method (8) complex (10)

b)opposite meaning:

rejection (8) vertical (4)

complex (10) allow (10)

increase (3,10) supplier (11)

user (11) reduce (2,4)

horizontal (4) acceptance (8)

infrared (1) simple (12)

expensive (7) ultraviolet

require (5,9) cheap

V. Fill in the table with the words from the text:

Abstract nouns	Concrete nouns	terms	International words	Pseudo-international words
rejection	device	pixel	system	argument

VI. Translate the list of words:

1.eventually (6) 7.if (11)

2.although (1,3,6,7,12) 8.even (9)

3.however (2,10,11) 9.as well as (1,4)

4.moreover (8) 10.while (5)

5.since (9,11) 11.such (1,4,9)

6.unlike (8) 12.also (1)

VII. Translate the sentences:

1.Advocates of robot vision, however, seem to be winning the argument. (11)

2.Users cannot afford experts to custom program each system. (11)

3.Telling the system exactly what to look for can be time- consuming. (6)

4*.This function generally determines the number of features the system can check and the time required to make such checks. (5)

5.Although most often thought of as cameras and image processors, machine vision also includes technologies such as lasers as well as sonar and infrared sensors.(1)

* - make the syntactical analysis of the sentence.