Navigation

Navigation is the determination of position and direction on or above the surface of the Earth. Navigation aids in present air traffic control systems and the efficiency of these aids contribute towards the safety and expedition of aircraft into and out of airport environment. Routes rely for their delineation upon the existence of ground based navigational aids of sufficient accuracy and in sufficient quantity not only to ensure that the aircraft using these airways remain within the confines of the airspace but be also sufficiently accurate for the aircraft to be able to determine its position within a tolerance which will permit air traffic control to use this information for the purpose of separating traffic one from another in time sequence and for confirming or correcting planned applications of separation standards. These navigational aids mark out the routes and act as three-dimensional traffic lights at which the airborne position of the aircraft can be checked and also at which they can be «held» if necessary, to regulate the traffic flow on a particular route or at a conflux of routes such as a terminal area.

Vocabulary

delineation - очертание, описание, изображение accuracy - точность conflux - пересечение contribute - делать вклад separate - отделять, разделять, расходиться within the confines of - в пределах ч.-л.

Find the English equivalents in the text

Делать вклад, достаточная точность, стандарты отрыва, определить положение, пересечение маршрутов, допуск, гарантировать, подтверждать, полагаться на существование наземных навигационных средств, в пределах воздушного пространства, очертание

Answer

1. What is navigation? 2. What navigation systems are used in aviation? 3. What are the main characteristics of navigation aids? 4. What is the function of navigation aids?

Complete the sentences using the words:

means, weigh, integrated circuits, course, intelligence, wavelength, reliable, bearing, propagation, placement, semiconductor devices, electronic equipment

1. Operation of modern aircraft is impossible without radio and …..

2. The radio and electronic equipment must be compact, efficient and …..

3. Radio is a……. of communication and navigation.

4. Nowadays radio electronic equipment is based on …… and ……

5. Modern aircraft can carry radio sets that may …… half a ton.

6. With the help of radio equipment a pilot may know the altitude,……..and position of an aircraft and determine its …..

7. The performance of radio systems greatly depends on the design and …... of antennas

8. The ….. of radio waves varies from about inch up to miles.

9. Radio waves differ in the frequency in the medium and in speed of their ….. 10. A modulated radio wave can be used for transmission not only of sounds, but other forms of ….