Learning content

The topics and activities which make up what is learned by an individual or group of learners during a learning process.

Learning contract

An agreement between the teacher and the learners about their roles and responsibilities (i.e. what the teacher will do and what the learners will do to help the learners to learn).

Learning outcome(s) / learning attainments

The set of knowledge, skills and/or competences an individual acquired and/or is able to demonstrate after completion of a learning process.

Learning strategies

~ are the range of tactics a learner uses to make learning effective. These may be ‘specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques that students employ – often consciously – to improve their progress in internalising, storing, retrieving, and using the L2 (second language)’ (Oxford 1993 p175). These are the techniques which learners consciously use to help them when learning or using language, e.g. deducing the meaning of words from context; predicting content before reading. These account for how learners accumulate new L2 rules and how they automate existing ones. They can be conscious or subconscious. These contrast with communication strategies and production strategies, which account for how the

learners use their rule systems, rather than how they acquire them. Learning strategies may include metacognitive strategies (e.g., planning for learning, monitoring one's own comprehension and production, evaluating one's performance); cognitive strategies (e.g., mental or physical manipulation of the material), or social/affective strategies (e.g., interacting with another person to assist learning, using self-talk to persist at a difficult task until resolution).