Exercise 4. Complete the articles with prepositions. Translate them into Russian. Discuss the articles

With your friends

Incineration

Incinerators reduce the solid mass ____ the original waste ____ 80–85% and the volume (already

compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) ____ 95-96 %, depending ___ composition and degree ____

recovery of materials such as metals ____ the ash ___ recycling. This means that while incineration does

not completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume ____ disposal. Garbage

trucks often reduce the volume of waste ___ a built-in compressor before delivery ___ the incinerator.

Alternatively, ____ landfills, the volume ____ the uncompressed garbage can be reduced ____

approximately 70% ___ using a stationary steel compressor, albeit ____ a significant energy cost.

Landfilling

Presently, it is common practice to place in landfills various hazardous wastes. Yet, say some experts,

landfilling these wastes is a mistake. Landfilling is not final disposal, but merely temporary storage, and the

great hazard may be ___ long-lived and toxic wastes 50, 100, 1,000 years from now.

One of the mostly widely known and publicized landfill sites is that ___ Love Canal in New York State. Large

quantities of toxic materials, including residues ___ pesticides production, were deposited in the 1930s and

1940s, followed ___ the building ___ houses and a school ___ and ___ the landfill ___ the 1950s. By the

mid 1970s, chemicals leaking ___ the site were detected ___ local streams, sewers, soil and indoor air of

houses.

The prudent course is to destroy as many hazardous wastes as possible ___ incineration. The hundreds of

cement kilns ___ the U.S. could be used for this purpose. Inside these kilns is the most severe man-made

environment known, readily destroying even the most stable organic molecules. Following this course will

first require persuading the cement companies and the public.

Current regulations governing the closure of a waste impoundment require either complete removal of the

contained material or appropriate remediation of the material in the impoundment followed ___ application

___ a permitted cover to prevent exposure and off-site migration of residual chemicals. ___ the emergence

of risk based corrective action decisions, there has been interest ___ other approaches that may be as

protective as the more traditional impoundment closure approaches.