Match the terms to their definitions

1. custom 2. equity 3. scrutinize 4. enforce 5. amend 6. legislative 7. case 8. crime   9. stare decisis 10. legislation

a) having the power to make laws; b) examine or inspect closely or thoroughly; c) an illegal activity or action; d) to make sure that a law or rule is obeyed by people; e) the act or process of making laws; f) “stand by the decision”; a requirement that a court follow its own and higher court precedent; g) to make addition to a law; h) the long-established habit or tradition; i) a fair or reasonable way of behaving towards people; j) a legal matter that will be decided in a court.

 

Choose the correct word.

1. In order to separate the roles of the legislature and …, it was necessary to make laws that were clear and comprehensive.

a. judiciary b. jurisprudence c. judicial d. justice

2. … need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down.

a. laws b. customs c. statutes d. judgements

3. Each citizen has rights and ….

a. powers b. obligations c. cooperation d. beliefs

4. Justinian tried to … many aspects of life.

a. code b. codify c. violate d. codification

5. Judges have to … existing precedents to each new case.

a. apply b. enforce c. execute d. adopt

6. The doctrine of … is still a central feature of modern common law systems.

a. presumption b. precedent c. president d. prejudice

7. Parliament … hundreds of new laws every year.

a. passes b. applies c. obeys d. violates

b. To what extent are citizens obliged to … the law, even if a law is unjust?

a. obey b. enforce c. make d. violate

c. Decisions of inferior courts do not have … force.

a. bound b. binding c. bind d. bond

10. The main aim of criminal law is deter people from … similar crimes.

a. committing b. doing c. repealing d. making

 

Choose the correct tense form.

1. All citizens... observe laws.

a. should b. must c.may d. can

2. Last week I … this article on civil law into Russian

a. translate b. translated c. will translate d. would translate

3. You … apply for the job. You would have a good chance of getting it.

a. should b. will c. have to d. may

4. The company is liquidated when it … pay its debts

a. cannot b. shouldn’t c. mustn’t d. doesn’t have to

5. Equity … because in many situations there was no legal remedy available at common law.

a. has developing b. will develop c. develop d. developed

6. The general principles of law … in this way came to be called the common law.

a. establishing b. established c. establish d. to establish

7. Customs and court rulings …as important as statutes (government legislation).

a. has been b. have be c. have been d. have

8. On the Continent the writings of legal authors … an important source of law.

a. form b. forms c. have forming d. will be formed

9. When the judge rules in such a case he …, because future courts must usually ‘follow’ him.

a. legislate b. legislates c. has legislated d. legislated

10. The lawyer … his notes carefully for he was going to cross-examine the witnesses.

a. look through b. looks through c. looked through d. will look through

11. Students … study foreign languages so that they could derive necessary information from foreign sources.

a. can b.could c. should d. may

12. Sometimes, we … break some rules without suffering any penalty.

a. can b. could c. has to d. must

13. A police officer … normally enter your home against your wishes without a search warrant.

a. doesn’t have to b. don’t have to c. cannot d. shouldn’t

14. Precedent is a decision … by a court on some case that serves example for other courts to follow.

a. making b. made c. have made d. have been making

15. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 … some major changes to the British constitution.

a. has introduced b. introduced c. will introduce d. have been introducing