2018-01-21
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Text I
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Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent preindustrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.
The only function of the family that continues to survive all changes is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. Religious training and recreational activities are available outside the home, although both still have a place in family life.
Family composition in industrial societies has changed dramatically. The average number of children born to a woman in the United States, for example, fell from 7.0 in 1800 to 2.0 by the early 1990s. Consequently, the number of years separating the births of the youngest and oldest children has declined. This has occurred in conjunction with increased longevity. (1225)
ОБРАЗЕЦ ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННОГО ТЕКСТА ДЛЯ УСТНОЙ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ОСНОВНОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ
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The Field of Demography
Demography is an interdisciplinary field involving mathematics and statistics, biology, medicine, sociology, economics, history, geography and anthropology. The field of demography has a relatively brief history. Its beginning often is dated from the publication in 1798 of An Essay on the Principle of Population by the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus. In this work Malthus warned of the constant tendency for human population growth to outstrip food production and classified the various ways that such growth would, in consequence, be showed. He distinguished between “positive checks” to population growth (such as war, famine, and disease) and “preventive checks” (celibacy and contraception). The development of demography has been tied closely to the gradually increasing availability of data on births and deaths from parish and civil registers and on population size and composition from the censuses that became common in the 19th century. The growth of behavioral sciences in the 20th century and advances in the fields of statistics and computer sciences further stimulated demographic research. Subfields of mathematical, economic, and social demography have grown rapidly in recent decades. (1068)
Формы предварительного, текущего, промежуточного, рубежного и итогового контроля
