Substantivized adjectives

When adjectives are substantivized, they acquire characteristics of the noun. Wholly substantivized adjectives have become nouns, e.g. a native, valuables

Partially substantivized adjectives have acquired only some of the characteristics of the noun. They denote a whole class and are used with the definite article having the generic meaning, e.g. the blind, the deaf, the disabled, the elderly, the handicapped, the poor, the rich, the unemployed, the young the English, etc.

THE WORDS OF THE CATEGORY OF STATE

In English grammar these words are treated as adjectives which cannot be used attributively. Russian scholars treat them as a separate part of speech.

The words of the category of state are used to denote a temporary state of a person or thing:

She is afraid of dogs.

These words are derivatives with the prefix a-: ablaze, afire, aflame, afloat, afoot, afraid, aglow, ajar, alight, alive, asleep, awake, aware, etc.

The words of the category of state cannot precede a noun. They are used as predicative, objective predicative, attribute in post-position, and adverbial modifier, e.g.

Predicative – He is afraid of dogs.

Objective predicative – This story makes him asleep at once.

Attribute – John, awake and cheerful, entered the kitchen.

Adverbial modifier – Aware of the danger awaiting him, the man moved slowly through the wood.

THE NUMERAL

The numeral indicates the number of persons or things (cardinal numera l) or the order of persons or things (ordinal numeral).

CARDINAL NUMERALS

Cardinal numerals are used in counting. They have the following morphological structure. From 1 to 12 and 100, 1000, 1000000 are simple words; numerals from 13 to 19 are derivatives with the suffix –teen; the cardinal numerals indicating tens are formed by means of the suffix –ty. The numerals from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39, from 41 to 49 etc. are composite words.

simple	derivative	compound
1 - 12	13 - 19	21 -29, 31 - 39, etc.
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve	Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen	Twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, etc.
100, 1000, 1 000000, etc.	20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90	101 - 999, 1001 - 9999, etc.
Hundred, thousand, million, etc.	Twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety	One hundred and one, nine hundred and ninety-one, one thousand two hundred and five, etc.

Cardinal numerals hundred, thousand, million can take the indefinite article in the meaning of "one". They can be substantivized and used in plural, e.g. hundreds, thousands, millions, but they have singular form when preceded by other numerals, e.g. two hundred, three thousand, four million.

Cardinal numerals can be used as subject, predicative, object, attribute (apposition), adverbial modifier, e.g.

Subject - How many do you want? - Five will do.

Predicative - We are three here. He is fourteen.

Object - I'll take two, if I may.

Attribute - Two small birds and one big one flew out of the bush.

Adverbial modifier - I'll be back after four.

ORDINAL NUMERALS

Ordinal numerals have the following morphological structure: they are built by means of the suffix -th from cardinal numerals, e.g. fourth, twenty-fifth, etc. The exception is three numerals – first, second, third.

In ordinal groups only the last member of the group has the ordinal form: (the) twenty-fifth.

Ordinal numerals are usually used as attributes, but they can also be used as subject, predicative, or object, e.g.

Attribute - The first car appeared and the public roared.

Subject - The first two questions were difficult, but the third was the worst.

Predicative - He is always the first to come.

Object - Which one would you want? - Show me the third.

THE ADVERB

Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb describing some circumstances or features of an action, state, or quality.