| FUNCTION
| FORM OF THE INFINITIVE
| EXAMPLE
|
| Subject
| Non-perfect infinitives
| To go there now is useless.
It’s useless to go there now.
|
| Predicative
| Non-perfect infinitives
| Your task is to translate this text.
|
| Secondary predicative after the adjectives like nice, pleasant, easy, difficult etc.
| Non-perfect infinitives
| He is easy to talk to.
|
| А part of a compound verbal modal predicate
| All forms of the infinitive
| You must come at once.
He may be working now.
You couldn’t have been there.
They might have been waiting for you.
|
| А part of а compound verbal aspect predicate
| Indefinite Infinitive
| At last he began to think about his plans.
|
| Note: After the verbs stop, finish gerund and not infinitive is used as a part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
|
| Object
| All forms of the Infinitive
| I’m glad to tell you the news.
I’m glad to be doing this.
I’m glad to have told you everything.
She was glad to be told the news.
|
| Attribute (after nouns and pronouns something, anything, nothing)
| Indefinite active and passive
| This is the person to help you.
We have something to tell you.
It’s time to go.
There is nothing to be done about it.
|
| Adverbial modifier of purpose (often with the conjunctions in order, so as)
| Indefinite infinitives
| She has come here (in order) to help us.
She put on her glasses (so as) to see the face better.
|
| Adverbial modifier of result (often after adjectives and adverbs modified by the adverbs too and enough)
| Indefinite Infinitives
| You are too smart to make the same mistake again.
You are old enough to understand such things.
She came to the station only to see that she was late.
|
| Adverbial modifier of comparison or manner (after the conjunctions as if, as though)
| Indefinite Infinitives
| He opened his mouth as if to say something but she turned away.
|
| Parenthesis
| Infinitive phrases
| To cut a long story short, to tell the truth, to begin with, to put it mildly, etc.
|
| FUNCTION
| EXAMPLE
|
| Subject
| Reading books will do you а lot of good.
It's no usearguing with him.
Thereis nopersuading her.
|
| Predicative(a part of a compound nominal predicate)
| Their duty waslooking after the children
|
| A part of а compound verbal modal predicate
| She felt liketellingeverybody the truth about the accident.
|
| A part of а compound verbal aspect predicate
| She stoppedtalkingand looked at us.
|
| Direct Objectafter the verbs avoid, deny, enjoy, excuse, forgive, mind, need, prefer, stand, want, hate, like, love, and the adjective worth.
| You can’t avoidmeeting him here.
Forgivemy interrupting you.
Your coat needsbrushing.
She can’t standhis being so rude.
The book is worthreading.
|
| Prepositional Object after the verbs: accuse of, agree to, apologize for, count on, blame for, burst out, complain about, depend on, give up, insist on, keep from, look forward to, object to, persist in, prevent smb from, put off, rely on, succeed in, suspect of, thank for, and phrases: be afraid of, be ashamed of, be busy in, be capable of, be excited at, be fond of, be grateful for, be interested in, be pleased (displeased) at, be proud of, be responsible for, be sure of, be surprised at, be tired of, be used to.
| Don’t blame himfor failing to come.
Why don’t you apologizefor being late?
Suddenly they burstout laughing.
Do you insiston discussing this question now?
Don’t prevent himfrom leaving.
They suspected himof deceiving them.
They were afraidof making her angry.
She is fondof swimming.
She was pleasedat seeing us.
She is not capableof hurting anybody.
He is proudof winning the competition.
Who is responsiblefor cleaning the room?
I’m not usedto being late.
I’m tiredof his boasting.
|
| Attribute preceded with the prepositions of, for, in, about
| He didn’t like our ideaof going there by train.
There is no sensein calling her now.
|
| Adverbial modifier of timewith the prepositions after, before, on (upon), in, at
| After talking to her friend she felt better.
Read the instruction before doing the exercise.
On arriving home she started cooking.
At seeing her he stopped.
|
| Adverbial modifier of manner with the prepositions by, in
| He learned a lotby watching his father.
He spent the eveningin writing letters.
|
| Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances with the preposition without
| She left the roomwithout looking at us.
|
| Adverbial modifier of purpose with the preposition for
| She tried to find wordsfor making it all right.
|
| Adverbial modifier of condition with the preposition without
| You will not achieve anythingwithout working hard.
|
| Adverbial modifier of cause with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to, because of
| Everything went wellbecause of his being there.
She kept silentfor fear of saying the wrong thing.
|
| Adverbial modifier of concession with the preposition in spite of
| In spite of being busy she found time to talk to us.
|
| Attribute
Only Participle I Indefinite is used
| You can take the book lying on the table.
She looked attentively at the approaching car.
She looked attentively at the car approaching the house.
|
| Adverbial modifier
|
| of time
| Walking in the park we met a lot of our friends.
While walking in the park we met a lot of our friends.
Hearing the news he got upset.
Coming home he called us at once.
Having read the books he was well-prepared.
|
| of cause
| Wanting to pass the exam he worked hard.
Having seen a lot he wanted to share his experience.
Being short of time he waste it on talking.
|
| of manner and attendant circumstances
| She was sitting leaning on the table. – manner
He said it looking at us. – attendant circumstances
|
| of comparisonwiththe conjunction as if or as though
| He walked more and more slowly, as if getting tired.
|
| Predicative
| Your words are supporting.
|
| Parentheses
| Frankly speaking, I don’t like it.
|
| Attribute
| The unopened letter was from my father.
|
| Predicative
| He tried to enter, but the door was locked and nobody answered his knock.
|
| Adverbial modifier
|
| of time with the conjunctions when, while
| When pronounced the words sounded harsh and hurting.
|
| of condition with the conjunction if
| If discovered, this information will upset their plans.
|
| of comparison with the conjunction as if, as though
| As if persuaded, she was suddenly silent.
|
| of concession with the conjunction though
| Though carefully avoided, this subject came out in their conversation againand again.
|
| of manner with the conjunction as
| Take the medicine as prescribed
|
| of cause
| Left alone on an uninhabited island the pirate was frightened.
|
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