VII. Read and translate the text. Write down your translation of the second paragraph

Encountering Earth`s Limits

1. The 20th century saw natural resource management increasingly projected at a supranational level, where it was also collectivized. The first major impulse toward the internationalization of natural resource management was brought by the post-World War II context, with its pervasive spirit of cooperation on the one hand and its specific problems of food shortages on the other. Countries came together to address the issues of damaged capacities and insufficient production—in other words, insufficient use of available resources.

2. The problem was seen to lie in the management of the resources rather than in the resources themselves. Therefore, the solution was to develop common solutions to management problems that were widely shared from one country to the next. The problem different organizations attempted to solve, in other words, was how to create international regimes that would disseminate better management solutions and thus enable each country to make better use of its resources.

3. In a second phase, attention shifted at a global level to Earth’s resources as a whole—the seas, the air, and the diversity of species—because of the realization that those essential resources, hitherto taken for granted, were in fact limited. That realization came about through two successive crises. First was the new awareness that humankind had reached a global environmental crisis, which triggered a second wave of bureaucracies to manage nature at both the national and international levels. At the international level the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established in 1972, and at the national level environmental ministries (in Europe) or agencies (in the United States) flourished in developed countries in the early 1970s. Significantly, the issue that popularized the environmental crisis was an issue of failed global resource management: the overexploitation of whales, which threatened certain species with extinction. That initial awareness was rapidly compounded by a global energy crisis that began in 1973.

VIII. Answer the questions:

1. What was the first major impulse toward the internationalization of natural resource management brought by?

2. When was the United Nations Environment Programme established?

3. When did a global energy crisis begin?

Variant VIII

I. Complete the sentences (1- 9) with the words (a-i):

A) banks b) vacancies c) insurance d) records e) profit f)qualifications