2017-11-01
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1. The emergence of a rational systematic management of natural resources can be traced back to the phase of accelerated industrialization of the late 19th century. In a period of unprecedented industrial growth, the pressures brought to bear on the supply of raw materials and natural resources by an unrelenting demand intensified the need to rationalize their utilization, so as to eliminate increasingly costly waste and to allocate them more efficiently.
2. Of course, there are huge variations in both the rates and degrees to which the different states became involved with questions of natural resource management. The French state, for example, took a heavy hand in forestry management as early as the 17th century, when wood became a strategic resource at a time of accelerated, mercantilist (export-oriented) growth that relied primarily on maritime transportation (boats). Such local variations aside, overall it took a certain kind of state, the modern bureaucratic state, to steer the exploitation of natural resources toward principles of scientific management.
3. In the United States, natural resource management was made a federal matter for the first time under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. At that time, principles of scientific management, which combined notions of rational management with in-depth scientific knowledge of the resource itself, were promoted by key figures such as Gifford Pinchot.
4. In Europe a similar concern with rational resource exploitation transpired at about the same time; the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (established 1902), for example, provided a forum in which northern European countries could share concerns about maritime research and resources. It was effectively one of the first international conferences on a natural resource management question, and there too science was entrenched as a basis for exploitation of the seas, laying the grounds for future arrangement for the management of collective resources.
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VIII. Answer the questions:
1. When did the French state take a heavy hand in forestry management?
2. When did natural resource management become a federal matter in the US?
3. What was entrenched as a basis for exploitation of natural resources?
Variant VII
I. Complete the sentences (1- 9) with the words (a-i):
A) surplus b) wealth c) value d) household e) currencies f) origin g) payment
H) ties i) audits.
1. His personal ……… is estimated at $15 billion.
2. The ……….of the money that financed the deal was unclear.
3. His research has been of little practical……..
4. Water quality is another key issue at the ………… level.
5. Currently outside …..… are a normal and regular part of business practice.
6. Offers usually state the terms of ………..
7. Britain has got very sound economic …..with various countries of the world.
8. If a country sells more goods than it buys, it will have a ………….
9. The exchange rates for various ……..…. change every day.
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II. Match (1-9) with (a-i) to make up sentences:
| 1. Economic growth enables the possibility to deal with 2. Consumer services are intangible products or actions 3. Monopolies restrict free trade, 4. Stricter controls on air pollution 5. The standard of living by country depends on 6.Economists conclude that allowing free trade in an economy 7. Women are disproportionately responsible 8. A monopoly is simply a market with only one seller. 9. Scarcity of economic resources | a) preventing the market from setting prices. b) many serious problems of poverty and homelessness. c) that are typically produced and consumed simultaneously. d) who's doing the measuring. e) would help to reduce acid rain. f) for child-care and home duties. g) improves welfare for society overall. h) forces people to make tradeoffs. i) with only one seller. |
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