2020-05-25
224
1. Построения из камня и кирпича можно называть каменными.
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2. В некоторых регионах, бедных камнем и строительным лесом, людям приходилось строить из земли.
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3. Стальные пруты могли быть помещены во влажный бетон.
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4. Не может быть, чтобы они достигли того же самого уровня развития.
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5. Люди были вынуждены сократить использования камня, так как появилось большое число более легко обрабатываемых материалов.
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5. Answer the questions:
1. Why was carpentry developed?
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2. Why do many kinds of stone lend themselves to building?
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5. When was a truly waterproof cement developed?
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6. What characteristics is glass famous for?
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7. When was reinforced concrete construction developed?
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Give your opinion on the topic
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7. Give a short summary of the text.
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Give annotation of the text
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
The first reference to Portland cement concrete reinforced with steel or iron bars appeared in November 1855 in the magazine «The Engineer» in which Francois Coignet described his experiments with concrete and also with plain concrete houses that he had built eight years previously and a house that he had built near Paris, which had a roof-span of 23 ft of concrete reinforced with iron bars. In 1861 Coignet published a book on concretes of different mixtures placed in situation and insisted on the influence of the water-cement ratio on the strength of concrete. In this book he also describes his method of using reinforced concrete slabs. In the same book Coignet describes methods for the construction of pipes, reservoirs and walls of concrete reinforced with metal sheets, bars and chains. Coignet took out no patent for his ideas: he was interested only in the advancement of science.
At the same time as Coignet was working on his reinforced concrete roof, another inventor was constructing his boat which appeared in the Paris Exhibition and was probably the first application of reinforced concrete. A few years later a French gardener Monier had the idea of replacing wooden-flower-boxes by those made of an iron mesh covered with cement, and he took out a patent for it.
The greatest development of reinforced concrete construction took place at the turn of the century. In Britain, as well as in the United States, early interest in reinforced concrete was for fireproof construction. The first results of tests of reinforced concrete beams were published in 1877. Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made good progress. The-post-war necessity to increase the productivity of the building /industry has resulted in the rapid development of precast and prestressed members. Some of the many bridges, tall buildings with reinforced concrete frames, shell roofs, industrial structures are being built throughout the world of reinforced concrete.
New vocabulary:
Cement –цемент concrete reinforced – арматура
the water-cement ratio - водно-цементная пропорция the strength of concrete - крепость бетона
slab – плита to work on his reinforced concrete roof - работать
iron mesh - железная сетка над арматурной крышей
fireproof construction - противопожарные конструкции reinforced concrete beams – арматурные балки
shell roofs - сводчатые потолки precast and prestressed members - изготовленные reinforced concrete frames - арматурные каркасы (рамы) заранее части
1. Translate the word combinations into Russian:
reference to _______________________________
previously _______________________________
to take out _______________________________
in the advancement of science ______________________________
application ______________________________
to take place at ______________________________
rapid development ______________________________
industrial structures ______________________________
2. Find the English equivalents:
цементная арматура со стальными или железными брусками
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пролет крыши
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деревянные цветочные горшки
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результаты испытания были опубликованы
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послевоенная необходимость
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Парижская выставка
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по всему миру
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3. Practise the pronunciation of the new words and word-combinations:
concrete, reinforced, Francois Coignet, Paris, reservoirs, advancement, Monier, reinforced concrete frames, precast and prestressed members
Translate the sentences into English.
1. Арматура - это важная составная часть железно-бетонных конструкций (стальные отдельные стержни, железные сетки, каркасы, цепи, металлические листы), применяемая для усиления бетона.
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2. Бетон - один из важнейших строительных материалов, который был изобретен Римлянами. Это был строительный материал, который вел к большим инновациям в строительстве гражданских и промышленных зданий, состоял из пуццолана, чистого песка, который имел особенные свойства, когда его смешивали с глиной, и воды. Причем, водно-цементная пропорция влияет на крепость бетона. Бетоны подразделяются на особо тяжелые, тяжелые, легкие и особо легкие. По назначению различают бетоны обычные (для промышленных и гражданских зданий), дорожные, декоративные, специального назначения и др.
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5. Answer the questions:
1. Where and when did the first reference to cement concrete reinforced with steel or iron bars appear?
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2. What does the water-cement ratio influence on?
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3. What does Coignet describes in his book, which was published in 1861?
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4. What was probably the first application of reinforced concrete?
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5. What was early interest in reinforced concrete in Britain, as well as in the United States, for?
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6. What was the post-war necessity, which led to the rapid development of precast and prestressed members?
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Give your opinion on the topic
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7. Give a short summary of the text.
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Give annotation of the text
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