2020-05-25
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Most small two-stroke engines are air-cooled. Many aircraft four-stroke engines are also air-cooled; larger engines have the cylinders arranged radically so that all cylinders are directly in the airstream. Most four-stroke engines, however, are water-cooled. A water jacket encloses the cylinders; a water pump forces water through the jacket, where it draws heat from the engine. Next, the water flows into a radiator; it then moves back into the jacket to repeat the cycle. During warm-up a thermostatic valve keeps water from passing to the radiator until optimum operating temperatures are attained.
Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil from a separate oil reservoir, either in the crankcase, which is a pan attached to the underside of the engine, or in an external tank. In the automobile engine a gear pump delivers the oil al low pressure to bearings. Some bearings may depend on oil. In a two-stroke engine the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel.
Заполните пропуски необходимыми предлогами.
1. We can see the moon... the sky.
2. Who are they waiting...?
3. There are many new houses... our street.
4. Look... beautiful flowers on the table.
5. My father is... work.
6. What did you have... dinner?
3.Расскажите о своем брате.
Билет № 10
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Automobile Electrical System
A modern automobile has a 12-volt electrical system/ a fully charged battery will read about 12,5 volts when the engine is not running. When the engine is running the charging system takes over so that the voltmeter will read 14 to 14,5 volts and should stay there unless there is a heavy load on the electrical system such as wipers, lights, heater and rear defogger all operating together while the engine is idling at which time the voltage may drop. If the voltage drops below 12,5, it means that battery is providing some of the current. You may notice that your dash lights dim at this point. If this happens for an extended period, the battery will run down and may not have enough of a charge to start the car after shutting it off. This should never happen with a healthy charging system because as soon as you step on the gas the charging system will recharge the battery. If the voltage constantly below 14 volts, you should have the system checked. If the voltage goes above 15 volts, there is a problem with the voltage regulator.
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Заполните пропуски артиклями там, где это необходимо.
1. They ordered... taxi to take them... station.
2. He looked at... book under…Donald's arm.
3. In the evening Duncan went to.. cinema.
4.... students of my group are taking... most difficult exam today.
5... largest lake in England is about ten miles long and about … mile
wide.
6. I think that John Lenon is ….. greatest musicians in the world.
Расскажите о России.
Билет № 11
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Renewable energy and the future
With heavy taxes on fuel, particularly in Europe and tightening environmental laws, particularly in California USA, and the possibility of further restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, work on alternative power systems for vehicles continues.
Diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modification on 100% pure biodiesel, a fuel that can be made from vegetable oils. Many cars that currently use gasoline are capable of running with 15% ethanol mixed in, and with a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles car run on ethanol concentrations as high as 850/o. Ail petrol-fueled cars can run on LPG. There has been some concern that the ethanol-gasoline mixtures prematurely wear down seals and gasket. Attempts at building viable battery-powered electric vehicles continued throughout the 1990s (notably General Motors with the EV1), but cost, speed and inadequate driving range made them uneconomical. Due to cost, the majority of battery-powered cars have used lead-acid batteries, which are greatly damaged in their recharge capacity if discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis.
Current research and development is centered on "hybrid" vehicles that use both electric and combustion (.pollution!) power, and longer-term efforts are based.around electric vehicles powered by fuel cells.
Заполните пропуски необходимыми предлогами.
1. When did he arrive …… Moscow?
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2. My friend is interested ……… medicine.
3. He comes home... work... bus.
4. She is good ……foreign languages.
5. It happened ……. our way home.
6. “What a language English is!” a Frenchman exclaimed …….. despair.
3.Расскажите о себе.
Билет №12
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Reciprocating Engines
The most common internal-combustion engine is the piston-type gasoline engine used in most automobiles. The confined space in which occurs is called a cylinder. In each cylinder a piston slides up and down. Motions of the piston rotate the crankshaft, which is connected by suitable gearing to the drive wheels of automobile. The number of crankshaft revolutions per minute is called the engine speed.
The top of the cylinder is closed by a metal cover, into a threaded bore in the head is screwed the spark plug, which provides ignition. The other openings in die cylinder are called ports. The intake port admits the air-gasoline mixture; the exhaust port lets out the products of combustion. A carburetor or fuel injector mixes air with gasoline. The composition of the mixture is regulated by throttle, an air valve in the intake manifold that varies the flow of fuel to the combustion chambers of cylinders. The mixture is rich at idling speed (closed throttle) and at high speeds (wide-open throttle), and is lean at medium and slow speeds (partly open throttle).
Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в нужном времени, лице и числе.
1. I (read) a lot of books. Yesterday I read 200 pages.
2.Tom usually (wake up) early. Yesterday he (to wake) late.
3 She (to study) every afternoon.
4. He (to live) in Moscow last year.
5.We (to visit) Bolshoi Theatre last week.
6.He (to drive) to the office every morning.
Расскажите о Канаде.
Билет № 13
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