2020-06-29
113
Повелительные предложения в прямой и косвенной речи вводятся глаголами речи ask (smb) – просить (кого-либо), tell smb/say (to smb) – сказать, велеть кому-либо, order (smb) – приказывать (кому-либо). При использовании данных глаголов необходимо осознавать нарастание степени их «повелительности» от просьбы (ask) к указанию (tell) и далее к приказу (order).
Таблица 43. Преобразование прямых указаний в косвенные
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| He asked (his wife), “Pay the bills, please.” Он попросил (свою жену): “Оплати счета, пожалуйста.” He told his son, “Stay at home tonight.” Он сказал своему сыну: “Останься сегодня вечером дома.” The general ordered, “Don’t surrender!” Генерал приказал: “Не сдаваться!” | He asked (his wife) to pay the bills. Он попросил (свою жену) оплатить счета. He told his son to stay at home that night. Он велел своему сыну остаться дома в тот вечер. The general ordered not to surrender. Генерал приказал не сдаваться. |
Производимые преобразования:
1). Изменение пунктуации (убираются кавычки и запятая после глагола речи).
2). Форма повелительного наклонения заменяется инфинитивом (pay → to pay, stay → to stay).
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3). При преобразовании отрицательной команды (запрета) перед инфинитивом ставится отрицательная частица not (don’t surrender → not to surrender).
4). Производится замена обстоятельственных слов.
Вопросы для самопроверки
(Отвечая, приводите примеры)
1. В каких типах сложноподчиненных предложений действует правило согласования времен? В чем оно состоит?
2. На основании информации, содержащейся в разделе, заполните таблицу, приведенную ниже. Стрелками укажите пути перехода одних времен в другие под действием правила согласования времен. Какие закономерности вы заметили? Опишите.
| Present Simple | Present Perfect Continuous | ||
| Past Perfect | |||
| Future Continuous | |||
| Future Simple-in-the-Past |
3. Что происходит с модальными глаголами под действием правила согласования времен?
4. В каких случаях правило согласования времен не применяется?
5. Каким временем переводятся на русский язык выделенные формы в следующих примерах? Почему?
а. She says that she was going home when he called.
б. She said that she was going home.
6. Какие глаголы речи используются для введения повествовательных предложений в косвенной речи? Какие изменения происходят при преобразовании утверждений из прямых в косвенные?
7. Сколько типов вопросов вам известно? Сколько существует моделей преобразования прямых вопросов в косвенные? Какими словами вводятся косвенные вопросы? Какие изменения производятся при преобразовании вопросов из прямой речи в косвенную?
8. Какими словами вводятся повелительные предложения? Как строится повелительное предложение в косвенной речи? Какие изменения при этом происходят?
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9. Каким образом изменяются местоимения?
10. Как изменяются обстоятельственные слова here, now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow, last week, next week, this, these, ago, in the morning?
Задания
I. Преобразуйте повествовательные предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Предложения переведите.
1. Carolyn said, “I’ll be here at noon.”
2. Nina told Nick, “I’m visiting the head office today.”
3. David said to me, “I have to finish this report by tonight.”
4. The teacher said, “Everyone must write a three-page paper for tomorrow.”
5. The boy said, “I had a birthday yesterday.”
6. Richard told Mary, “I saw that movie last week.”
7. Henry said to his boss, “I’ll meet Mr. Parker next week.”
8. Janie said, “I have read this book.”
9. Lynn said, “I have seen that man.”
10. Andrew told the policeman, “We were out of town two days ago.”
11. Ann said to me, “I’ll try to finish the report before the deadline.”
II. Преобразуйте вопросы из прямой речи в косвенную. Предложения переведите.
1. I asked the shop assistant, “How much does this cost?”
2. Mr. Carter asked me, “Where are you going now?”
3. Amy asked, “Are you going to eat at the cafeteria?”
4. I asked a passer-by, “The town hall is on the right, isn’t it?”
5. Roz asked, “Did you mail that letter to me on Friday?”
6. I asked her, “Do you like my new hat?”
7. He asked me, “How are you today?”
8. Then he asked, “Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?”
9. I asked the storekeeper, “What is the price of this tie?”
10. He asked me, “How long have you studied English?”
11. The passenger asked, “When do we land?”
12. She asked me, “When will you get back from your trip?”
13. Peter asked, “Does Tanya live here?”
III. Преобразуйте повелительные предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Предложения переведите.
1. My husband said to me, “Wait for me in the car.”
2. The teacher said to us, “Don’t make so much noise.”
3. He told me, “Try to come on time.”
4. He asked us, “Please sit down for a few minutes.”
5. She said to me, “Don’t forget what I have told you.”
6. He said to me angrily, “Don’t make the same mistake again.”
7. The doctor said, “Come back again tomorrow.”
8. She asked me, “Please don’t mention this to Maggie.”
9. I said to him, “Don’t try this trick today.”
10. I asked him, “Don’t call me till the day after tomorrow.”
11. Mother asked Nick, “Be quiet while I am talking.”
12. My sister told me, “Look out of the window, but don’t open it.”
IV. Преобразуйте предложения в косвенную речь.
1. She said,
a. “I need a vacation now.”
b. “The students need more speaking practice this term.”
c. “These exercises are difficult for me.”
d. “I don’t feel well today.”
e. “Nobody can do that work as well as you.”
f. “I’ll be back soon.”
g. “I may be a few minutes late.”
h. “I have already seen that movie.”
i. “We met in the morning.”
j. “You should have told me long ago.”
2. He asked me,
a. “When did you move here?”
b. “Where does this girl live?”
c. “How old are you?”
d. “What date is it today?”
e. “How long have you been working?”
f. “Are you studying English or French?”
g. “You like mathematics, do you?”
h. “What are you doing now?”
3. I don’t know,
a. “When are we leaving?”
b. “Is she coming next week?”
c. “Where did they go last summer?”
d. “Does she speak English well?”
e. “Must you be so punctual?”
f. “What is her first name?”
g. “What are you thinking of?”
h. “Might he be waiting for us?”
4. I said to them,
a. “Don’t be afraid.”
b. “Wait outside for me.”
c. “Come back in an hour.”
d. “Don’t mention this to anyone.”
e. “Do me a favour and come back later.”
f. “Don’t go by bus today.”
g. “Stop talking.”
h. “Pay more attention to what I say.”
i. “Stay after class.”
V. Восстановите прямую речь из косвенной.
A.
1. He said that he had met Tom two days before.
2. He said to me that he had already seen Tom that day.
3. He said the results would be ready in two days’ time.
4. He told me that I had to leave immediately.
5. He told Vera he was going to the cinema that night.
6. He said he had been trying to open that door for 15 minutes.
7. He said to us he would not write very often.
8. He said to us that his brother had graduated from the university the year before.
9. He told me that they did not smoke there.
10. He said his team could win the game.
B.
11. He asked us if he was right.
12. He asked if he was going in the right direction.
13. He asked the monitor if everybody was present at the English class the previous day.
14. He asked if they would be present at the meeting the following day.
15. He asked if she had done everything right.
16. He asked if Nick had gone to New York the previous week.
17. He asked me what the house number was.
18. He asked the man what time the train arrived in London.
19. He asked how often we had written tests in our first year.
20. He asked John why he had decided to leave Ivanovo.
C.
21. He asked them to hand in their papers.
22. He asked not to shout.
23. He asked to buy a new cartridge for our printer.
24. He told us to stay where we were.
25. He told the criminals to give up.
26. He told them not to leave their computers on.
Приложение 1
