2020-10-10
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Ex.4.8.
Category Description
Business-to-business (B2B) - Businesses sell products or services to other businesses.
Business-to-consumer (B2C) - Businesses sell products or services to individual consumers.
Business-to-government (B2G) - Businesses sell goods or services to governments and government agencies.
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) - Participants in an online marketplace can buy and sell goods to each other.
Business-to-consumer (B2C)
Business-to-business (B2B)
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
Business-to-government (B2G)
Ex. 4.9.
The; 2-__; 3-the; 4-__; 5-the; 6-a; 7-a; 8-__; 9-__; 10-a; 11-__; 12-a; 13-__; 14-__; 15-the; 16-an; 17-__; 18-__; 19-__; 20-__; 21-__; 22-the: 23-__; 24-__; 25-__; 26-the; 27-__; 28-the; 29-the; 30-__.
Ex. 4.10.
| Abbreviation | Definition | Full term |
| ACL | A list of resources and the usernames of people who have a permitted access to those resources within a computer system. | Access Control List |
| CIO | An organization’s top technology manager; responsible for overseeing all of the business’s information systems and related technological elements. | Chief Information Officer |
| HTML | The language of the Internet; it contains codes attached to text that describe text elements and their relation to one another. | Hypertext Markup Language |
| HTTP | The Internet protocol responsible for transferring and displaying Web pages. | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
| PAN | A small, low- bandwidth Bluetooth network of up to 10 networks of eight devices each. It is used for tasks such as wireless synchronization of laptop computers with desktop computers and wireless printing from laptops, PDAs, or mobile phones. | Personal Area Network |
| PDA | A handheld PC. It is a variety mobile device, which functions as a personal information manager. | Personal Digital Assistant |
| SBU | A unit within a company that is organized around a specific combination of product, distribution channel, and customer type. | Strategic Business Unit |
| URL | Names and abbreviations representing the IP address of a particular Web page. Contains the protocol used to access the page and the page’s location. Used in place of dotted quad notations. Universal ad package The four most common standard Web ad formats. | Uniform Resource Locator |
| WAN | A network of computers that are connected over large distances. | Wide Area Network |
| WAP | A protocol that allows Web pages formatted in HTML to be displayed on devices with small screens, such as PDAs and mobile phones. | Wireless Application Protocol |
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Ex. 4.11.
| Well Suited to Electronic Commerce | Suited to a Combination of Electronic and Traditional Commerce Strategies | Well Suited to Traditional Commerce |
| Sale/purchase of books and CDs | Sale/purchase of automobiles | Sale/purchase of impulse items for immediate use |
| Sale/purchase of goods that have strong brand reputations | Banking and financial services | Sale/purchase of used, unbranded goods |
| Online delivery of software and digital content, such as music and movies | Roommate-matching services | |
| Sale/purchase of travel services | Sale/purchase of residential real estate | |
| Sale/purchase of investment and insurance products | Sale/purchase of high- value jewelry and antiques |
Ex. 4.12.
1; 2; 4; 7; 8; 10; 14; 16; 18; 19.
Ex. 4.14.
The hottest trends in e-commerce in 2019 are: personalized online shopping experience, personalized email marketing to specific landing pages being customized to users, the customer’s interaction with brands through voice, rich communication services, the B2B market growth.
Ex. 4.15.
E-commerce is made of three things three different components. The first component is a shopping cart that's just software that runs on your website. The second component is the payment gateway (Visa and MasterCard). The third component is the merchant account (a special type of bank account).
“The money is be taken off the credit card and deposited into the merchant account instantly and then from there it's actually settled out from the merchant account into the regular business bank account the next day or some merchants choose to do it once a week but anyways that's how it works.”
Ex. 4.16.
E-commerce retailers (Synergy of Bricks and Clicks): Amazon, Alibaba, eBay, etc.
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Online travel agencies: Expedia and Priceline.
E-commerce in entertainment: Apple's iTunes, Spotify, Pandora, Netflix.
Video conferencing: V-O-I-P (Voice Over Internet Protocol), H-T-M-L five, F-T-T-H (Fiber To The Home).
Ex. 5.5.
Authoritarian
Demanding
Consensual
coaching
mentoring
Liaison
Hierarchical
Provocative
Conscientious
Thorough
Determined
setbacks
Ex. 5.7.
Issuing
Guiding
Progress
Running
Carry out
Breathing
Report back
Feedback
Ex. 5.8.
Ensure
Unsatisfied
Efficient
Moral
Criticism
Ex. 6.4.
Oversee
Auditors
Dividend
Stake
Integrity
Transparency
Ex. 6.6.
Debt / liabilities
Owner / proprietor
Share / divide
Shareholder / stockholder / stakeholder
A dividend / profits
Ex. 6.7.
Limited liability
Detailed legislation
Legal entity
Non-profit organization
Ex. 7.4.
Competitive edge
Backers
Collateral
Business entity
Invoice
Piling up
Profit
A going concern
Takeovers
Ex. 7.6.
For invoices to be paid
Or shrink year by year
A gap in the market
The risk of the business failing
A huge amount of money
A growth phase
Of credit
Public
Organically or by acquisition
A critical mass
More staff
The business as a going concern
Ex. 7.7.
Over-expand
Undercut
Underperform
Overtake
Overspend
Undercharge
Override
Underestimate
Ex. 8.3.
Standards
Principles
Poverty
Access
Gender
Premium
Subsidy
Overproduction
Ex. 8.6.
Geopolitical influence
Climate change
Global warming
Sustainable growth
Peak oil
Green activists
Major battlefield
Living standards
Pricing power
Declining birthrate
Knowledge worker
Environmental impact
Ex. 8.7.
Be short resources
Be hungry for resources
Be in short supply
Have a common Asian currency
Price oil in dollars
Accuse someone of hypocrisy
In the coming decades
For the foreseeable future
Hold a virtual meeting
Have access to the world markets
REFERENCES
1. Academic English. Академический английский язык: учеб.пособие / Н.И. Алмазова, О.А. Никитенко. – СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2016. – 78 с.
2. Alice Oshima, Ann Hogue.Writing Academic English. 4th ed. - USA, 2009. - 337 p.
3. Английский язык. Практический курс для магистрантов технического профиля: учеб. пособие / Н.И. Алмазова [и др.]; под ред. Акоповой М.А. - СПб.: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2013. - 290 с.
