2020-10-12
95
СТРУКТУРА ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
В английском языке, в отличие от русского, существует твердый порядок слов, изменение которого может привести к нарушению смысла предложения. Обычный порядок слов в повествовательном предложении таков:
| This year | my brother | successfully | entered | the University | in Minsk |
| обстоятельство времени | подлежащее | обстоятель ство образа действия | сказуемое | дополнение | обстоятельство места |
| the Adverbial Modifiers of Time | the Subject | the Adverbial Modifiers of Manner | the Predicate | the Object | the Adverbial Modifiers of Place |
Слова, входящие в состав предложения и отвечающие на какой-либо вопрос, являются членами предложения. Члены предложения делятся на главные и второстепенные. К главным членам предложения относятся подлежащее и сказуемое. К второстепенным – дополнения, определения и обстоятельства. Каждый член предложения может расширяться за счет различного рода определителей, образуя развернутые группы подлежащего, сказуемого, дополнения, определения или обстоятельства.
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Подлежащее и сказуемое обязательны в английском предложении. Подлежащее может быть выражено существительным, местоимением, числительным, инфинитивом, герундием:
| The students are translating texts. They don't know the rule. Two is a cardinal numeral. To read much is to know much. Reading did much for him. | Студенты переводят тексты. Они не знают правила. Два – количественное числительное. Много читать – много знать. Чтение много дало ему |
Местоимения they и one заменяют подлежащее в неопределенно-личном предложении, местоимение it употребляется в безличном. Например:
| One can often see him here. They say he is clever. It is cold today. | Его можно здесь часто видеть. Говорят, что он умен. Сегодня холодно. |
В предложениях с оборотом there is/are формальным подлежащим является слово there, которое, однако, не имеет самостоятельного значения. Такие предложения указывают на наличие предмета в определенном месте.
Например:
| There are many pages in this book. | В этой книге много страниц. |
В повелительных предложениях подлежащее опускается.
| Go to the blackboard. | Иди к доске. |
Сказуемое, как правило, выражается глаголом в той или иной видо-временной форме:
| The door is closed. By that time she had already graduated from the University. | Дверь закрыта. К тому времени она уже закончила университет. |
Широко распространены и составные именные сказуемые.
| I am a student. My name is Ann. | Я студентка. Меня зовут Аня. |
В отличие от русского языка, глагол-связка в английском языке никогда не опускается.
Отрицательные предложения образуются путем прибавления частицы not к первому вспомогательному глаголу (don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, hadn't). Глаголы to be и to have прибавляют частицу not к своим личным формам (am not, isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't, haven't, etc.). В английском языке в отличие от русского может быть только одно отрицание.
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| I don't see anybody in the street. Nobody is seen in the street. | Я никого не вижу на улице. На улице никого не видно. |
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the ways of expressing subjects, predicates and adverbial modifiers.
| I speak English. To read is useful. It is useful to read. They say it is useful to read. One can read it in the library. I do not speak English. There are many books on the table. My brother and I went home. These are pencils. | Я говорю по-английски. Читать полезно. Читать полезно. Говорят, читать полезно. Можно прочитать это в библиотеке. Я не говорю по-английски. На столе много книг. Мы с братом пошли домой. Это карандаши. |
Exercise 2. Find subjects and predicates.
| 1. My brother will go there next week. 2. To smoke is harmful. 3. I am a student of the University. 4. Today we went to school by bus. 5. This is a very interesting story. 6. The book that lay on the table was not mine. 7. Russians are very hospitable. 8. It is necessary to know it. | Brother, will go To smoke, is harmful I, am a student We, went This, is a story 1) The book, was not mine 2) that, lay Russians, are hospitable It, is necessary |
Self-training Exercises
Exercise 1. Point out subjects and predicates in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
| 1. The stadium was near my house. 2. Swimming in cold water is not very pleasant. 3. To rebuild the city after the war was one of the hardest tasks. 4. Nobody visited her last year. 5. A famous actor played the main part in this film. 6. It is raining now. 7. It was necessary to buy a return ticket. 8. One mustn't be late for the lessons. 9. Three of the students got excellent marks. | 10. Who has told you this? 11. The young ought to respect the old. 12. The wallet is mine. 13. The test is not difficult. 14. The weather seems to be changing. 15. He was seen crossing the street. 16. I am to take 3 exams this winter. 17. He is the manager of the company. 18. She is known to be a good doctor. 19. They are likely to arrive tonight. 20. There are many shops in this street. |
Exercise 2. Point out objects. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. We won't go out unless it stops raining. 2. They climbed higher. 3. That is the only book by Tolstoy he hasn't read. 4. I live in the house by the sea. 5. He asked me to open the door. 6. I called every morning to see if there was any news. 7. Their train arrives at 5. 7. I am too tired to go to the cinema. 8. It is too late for you to go there. 9. The keys to the boxes were lost. 10. One can daily see him in the bar.
Exercise 3. Point out attributes and adverbial modifiers. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I am going to read the newspapers delivered.
2. Here is the document to be typed.
3. The problem being discussed is very important.
4. I read this article with great interest.
5. He told me about this tragic event at home yesterday.
6. He offered me a cinema ticket at the University yesterday.
7. We often come across this expression in business English.
8. He has sent me a few English books to read in my spare time.
9. She was reading a fresh newspaper sitting in comfortable chair.
10. Show me telegram received in the morning.
Exercise 4. Make up sentences observing the correct word order.
1. have, discussed, the problem, they.
2. in our, student, group, studies, this.
3. examinations, June, will, take, students, the, next.
4. now, am, at, I, the, lesson, English.
5. laboratories, are, at, there, many, the, University.
6. go, Academy, the, to, every, o'clock, at, nine, morning, I.
7. factories, furniture, produce these.
8. December, the shortest, the 22nd, of, day, the, year, is.
