2014-02-24
1759
Традиционный порядок слов – (S – P – O). Инверсия (inversion):
a) Beyond was the LA skyline: a palm tree illuminated, … a jewel-box of lights. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)
b) Night fell quickly. […] Ahead of them was only blackness. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”);
c) Up popped the scientist in a white coat. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”);
d) Healthy men they were, in blue or red shirt-sleeves, stout straps about their waists, short pipes in their mouths… […]. (T. Drieser, “The Titan”);
e) Eagerly I wished the morrow. (E. A. Pое, “The Raven”);
f) In went Mr. Pickwick. (Ch. Dickens, “The Pickwick Papers”).
Перефразируйте следующие высказывания, используя грамматическую (языковую, без’образную) инверсию:
1) I said I would never accept late homework. (At no time …);
2) The moment I got into bed, there was a knock at the door. (Hardly........when)
3) I wasn’t much aware of the fact that he was a liar. (Little did I know…)
4) The instant I reached the door I realized it was locked. (No sooner.....than)
5) She didn’t say anything. (Not + object)
6) I won’t have a holiday until January. (Not until)
7) Susan had never seen a more beautifully decorated room. (Nowhere)
8) When the film started I realized that I'd seen it before. (Only after)
9) You mustn’t be absent at your seminars. (On no account/Under no circumstances)
10) As soon as I arrived home the phone rang. (Scarcely/Barely....when)
11) The soap opera was so popular, that the streets were deserted whenever it was on. (Such... that)
Антитеза (antithesis от греч. ντί against + θέσις position):
a) When there is need of silence, you speak, and when there is need of speech, you are dumb; when present, you wish to be absent, and when absent, you desire to be present; in peace you are for war, and in war you long for peace; in council you descant on bravery, and in the battle you tremble. (W. Shakespeare?)
b) Man proposes, God disposes.
c) John Dryden's description in “The Hind and the Panther”: “Too black for heaven, and yet too white for hell. ”
d) To err is human; to forgive, divine. (A. Pope)
e) In the common world of fact the wicked were not punished, nor the good rewarded. Success was given to the strong, failure thrust upon the weak. That was all. (O. Wilde)
Антитеза vs. фразема: top and bottom, up and down, inside and out. Антитеза vs. оксюморон:
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us… (Ch. Dickens, “A Tale of Two Cities”)
Антитеза в ораторском стиле:
a) "It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues. " (Abraham Lincoln)
b) “We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.” (J. F. Kennedy’s Inagural Address)
c) “We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit … […]. We are caught in war wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity. ” (R. Nixon’s Inagural Address)
d) “That’s one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind. ” (N. Armstrong’s Moon Landing Speech)
Синтаксические повторы (syntactic repetitions):
a) Organization was the only thing, for by organization alone could you feel sure that you were getting a return for your money. Organization – and again, organization. (J. Galsworhty, “The Man of Property”)
b) She walked nervously ahead of him, trying to convey anger in her walk and wishing she’d had acting lessons. Diving lessons, self-defence lessons, language lessons, first-aid lessons: she’d spent her adult life pursuing her own university degree in life skills, but she’d never thought how useful acting might be. (H. Fielding, “Olivia Joules”)
Анадиплозис/подхват (anadiplosis):
a) A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick's face; the smile extended into a laugh; the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. (Ch. Dickens, “The Pickwick Papers”)
b) Beauty is truth, truth beauty, — that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. (John Keats)
c) “They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story.” (Comet’s words in “Gladiator”)
d) “Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution.” (G. Bush, Address to Congress and the Nation)
e) “Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. (Yoda’s words in “Star Wars”)
f) Having power makes [totalitarian leadership] isolated; isolation breeds insecurity; insecurity breeds suspicion and fear; suspicion and fear breed violence. (Z. Brzezinski, “Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism”)
Анафора (anaphora/anaphoric repetition):
a) Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! (William Shakespeare, “King John”)
b) 'We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender’. (W. Churchill)
c) Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer! (= One people, one empire, one leader!)
d) ‘To raise a happy, healthy and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes business people; it takes community leaders… […] It takes all of us.’ (H. Clinton’s speech, 1996)
e) ‘ What we need in the United States is not division. What we need in the United States is not hatred. What we need in the United States is not violence… […]’ (R. Kennedy’s announcing the death of M. L. King)
Эпифора (epiphora/epistrophe):
1) ‘Where affections bear rule, there reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued. ’ (Thomas Wilson)
2) ‘... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.’ (A. Lincoln’s words during the Gettysburg Address)
3) ‘The time for the healing of the wound has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divides us has come. ’ (N. Mandela’s inaugural address)
4) E. A. Poe’s “The Raven”
1. Only this and nothing more.
3. This it and nothing more.
4. Darkness there and nothing more.
5. Merely this and nothing more.
6. “Tis the wind and nothing more.”
7. Perched and sat and nothing more.
8. Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore.”
9. With such name as “Nevermore.”
10. Then the bird said, “Nevermore.”
11. Of Never - “Nevermore.”
12. Meant in croaking “Nevermore.”
13. She shall press, ah, “Nevermore.”
14, 15, 16, 17.Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore.”
18. Shall be lifted – nevermore!
Полисендетон (polysyndeton):
· And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.(Genesis 7:22-24)
· And God said, Let the Earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. (Genesis 1:24-25)
· "I said, 'Who killed him?' and he said 'I don't know who killed him, but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I … went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right only she was full of water." (Ernest Hemingway, “After the Storm”)
The Road Not Taken (R. Frost)
1. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I couldn’t travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood,
And looked down one as long as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth; …
Обрамление/кольцевой повтор (framing):
4. I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood and I –
I took the one less traveled by,
Другие примеры обрамления:
a) No wonder his father wanted to know what Bossiney meant, now wonder. (J. Galsworthy, “The Man of Property”)
b) " Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down. " (T. Coleridge.)
Обратный параллелизм/хиазм (сhiasmus - of Greek χιασμός, from χίασμα "crossing"):
- "... ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country."
- (J. F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961)
- "... Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.."
- (J. F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961)
- "Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind."
- (J. F. Kennedy)
- "America did not invent human rights. In a very real sense, it is the other way round. Human rights invented America." (J. Carter’s Farewell Address)
Задания к занятию 7.
1. Дайте определение инверсии. Приведите свои примеры.
2. Расскажите о приёме антитезы и его корреляции с оксюмороном. Приведите свои примеры.
3. Охарактеризуйте разновидности синтаксических повторов (параллелизма). Приведите свои примеры.
4. Расскажите об обратном параллелизме (хиазме). Приведите свои примеры.
5. Подготовьте сообщение на тему: «Стилистический приём нарастания (gradation)».
6. Термины для запоминания: inversion, antithesis, syntactic repetitions, anaphora, epiphora/epistrophe, anadiplosis, polysendeton, chiasmus, framing.
