Времена группы Perfect
Времена группы Perfect выражают действия, которые завершены к
определенному моменту и привели к конкретному результату (или
к отсутствию результата).
Present Perfect используется для выражения действия, которое
1) произошло в неопределенном прошлом и внимание сосредоточе-
но на самом факте его совершения;
2) закончилось к моменту речи и связано с ним своим результатом; 3) началось в прошлом и все еще продолжается в настоящем;
4) совершено на отрезке времени, который еще не закончен:
Twenty seven amendments have been added to the US Constitu-
tion over the years.
За многие годы в конституцию США было внесено двадцать
семь поправок.
Why is he looking so happy? He has won the case in court.
Почему он выглядит таким счастливым? Он выиграл дело в
суде.
The murderer has been in prison for the last 10 years.
Убийца находится в тюрьме в течение последних десяти лет.
His widow has spent $ 2,000 on a private detective this month.
Его вдова потратила в этом месяце 2000 долларов на частного
детектива.
Past Perfect употребляется:
1) в сложноподчиненных предложениях для выражения действия, которое произошло раньше другого действия в прошлом;
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2) для выражения действия, которое закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом:
The car had not been used much before it got into the accident.
Машиной не часто пользовались до того, как она попала в
аварию.
By the end of his term in prison he had altered completely.
К окончанию тюремного срока он полностью изменился.
Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое за-
кончится к определенному моменту в будущем. Этот момент может
быть выражен обстоятельством времени или другим действием:
The verdict will have been brought by the weekend.
Вердикт будет вынесен к выходным.
By the time the delegations arrive, the government will have
already taken a number of measures.
К тому времени, когда делегации прибудут, правительство
уже примет ряд мер.
Спряжение глагола в Perfect Tenses (Active Voice)
have+V3 |
Present | Past | Future | ||||||||||||
У т в е р д и т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I He She It | had asked | I | shall have asked | ||||||||||
You We They | have asked | We | ||||||||||||
You He | ||||||||||||||
He She It | has asked | You We They | She will have asked It They | |||||||||||
В о п р о с и т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I | Shall | I we | have asked? | ||||||||||
Have | you we they | asked? | he | |||||||||||
she | you | |||||||||||||
Had | it | asked? | he | |||||||||||
he | you | Will | she | have | ||||||||||
Has she asked? it | we | it | asked? | |||||||||||
they | they | |||||||||||||
О т р и ц а т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I | had not asked | I We | shall not have asked | ||||||||||
You We They | have not asked | He She It | ||||||||||||
You He She It They | will not have asked | |||||||||||||
He She It | has not asked | You We They | ||||||||||||
У к а з а т е л и в р е м е н и | ||||||||||||||
just, already, ever, never, yet, this week (month, year), today, since, for, lately, recently | by 5 o'clock yesterday, before he came, by the end of the week (month, year) | by 5 o'clock tomorrow, before he comes, by Sunday, by next week (month, year) | ||||||||||||
Спряжение глагола в Perfect Tenses (Passive Voice)
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have been + V3
Present | Past | Future | ||||||||||||
У т в е р д и т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I He She It | had been | I | shall have been asked | ||||||||||
We You They | have been asked | We | ||||||||||||
He She | will have | |||||||||||||
He She It | has been asked | We asked You They | It been asked You They | |||||||||||
В о п р о с и т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I | Shall | I we | have been asked? | ||||||||||
Have | we you they | been asked? | he | |||||||||||
she | he | |||||||||||||
Had | it we | been asked? | Will | she it | have been asked? | |||||||||
he | you | you | ||||||||||||
Has she asked? it | they | they | ||||||||||||
О т р и ц а т е л ь н а я ф о р м а | ||||||||||||||
I | I | had not been | I We | shall not have been asked | ||||||||||
We You They | have not been asked | He She It | ||||||||||||
He She It You They | will not have been asked | |||||||||||||
He She It | has not been asked | We You They | asked | |||||||||||