Quitting Smoking
Exercises
Ex. 1. Give English equivalents to the Russian words and word combinations:
Клиническое испытание, частота пульса, дыхание, 120/80 мм ртутного столба, бросить курить, сфигмоманометр, ртутный манометр, повышенное кровяное давление, кровеносные сосуды, здоровый образ жизни, пониженное кровяное давление, диабет, цирканнуальный (биологический ритм), признаки жизни, частота дыхания, ограничить потребление алкоголя, заболевание почек, аномальный, циркулирующая кровь, мембранный манометр, плечевая артерия, систолическое кровяное давление, диастолическое кровяное давление.
Ex. 2. Answer the questions:
1) How can you define arterial blood pressure?
2) What devices are used for measuring blood pressure?
3) What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
4) Are systolic and diastolic blood pressures static?
5) What are the normal measured values of blood pressure for a healthy adult person?
6) Why is it important to keep your blood pressure under control?
7) What is the first effective step in both preventing and controlling high blood pressure?
8) When may it be necessary to use blood pressure medications?
Ex. 3. Complete the instructions (use the words below):
1. Wrap the … around the patient’s upper arm.
2. Place the … over the area of the brachial artery. Raise the patient’s arm so that the brachial artery is at the same height as the heart.
3. Close the valve on the ….
4. Pump up the pressure to at least 150 mmHg. Open the … a little and slowly deflate the cuff while listening and watching the pressure.
5. The first sound you hear is the flow of blood through the brachial artery. The value on the gauge at that point is the ….
6. Continue listening while you slowly … the cuff.
7. The … blood pressure is measured when the sound completely disappears.
a) pump b) diastolic c) cuff d) systolic e) valve f) stethoscope g) deflate
II. Laboratory Tests
If you've ever had to give a tube of blood or a little cup of urine in your doctor's office, you've had a laboratory test. Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include
- Your sex, age and race
- What you eat and drink
- Medicines you take
- How well you followed pre-test instructions
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.
Interpreting Laboratory Test Results
A laboratory test is a medical procedure in which a sample of blood, urine, or other tissues or substances in the body is checked for certain features. Such tests are often used as part of a routine checkup to identify possible changes in a person’s health before any symptoms appear. Laboratory tests also play an important role in diagnosis when a person has symptoms. In addition, tests may be used to help plan a patient’s treatment, evaluate the response to treatment, or monitor the course of the disease over time.
Laboratory test samples are analyzed to determine whether the results fall within normal ranges. They also may be checked for changes from previous tests. Normal test values are usually given as a range, rather than as a specific number, because normal values vary from person to person. What is normal for one person may not be normal for another person. Many factors (including the patient’s sex, age, race, medical history, and general health) can affect test results. Sometimes, test results are affected by specific foods, drugs the patient is taking, and how closely the patient follows pre-test instructions. That is why a patient may be asked not to eat or drink for several hours before a test. It is also common for normal ranges to vary somewhat from laboratory to laboratory.
Some laboratory tests are precise, reliable indicators of specific health problems. Others provide more general information that simply gives doctors clues to possible health problems. Information obtained from laboratory tests may help doctors decide whether other tests or procedures are needed to make a diagnosis. The information may also help the doctor develop or revise a patient’s treatment plan. The doctor who is familiar with the patient’s medical history and current condition is in the best position to explain test results and their implications. Patients are encouraged to discuss questions or concerns about laboratory test results with the doctor.
What are lab tests?
Laboratory tests are medical procedures that involve testing samples of blood, urine, or other tissues or substances in the body.
Why does your doctor use lab tests?
Your doctor uses laboratory tests to help:
- identify changes in your health condition before any symptoms occur
- diagnose a disease or condition before you have symptoms
- plan your treatment for a disease or condition,
- evaluate your response to a treatment, or
- monitor the course of a disease over time.
How are lab tests analyzed?
After your doctor collects a sample from your body, it is sent to a laboratory. Laboratories perform tests on the sample to see if it reacts to different substances. Depending on the test, a reaction may mean you do have a particular condition or it may mean that you do not have the particular condition. Sometimes laboratories compare your results to results obtained from previous tests, to see if there has been a change in your condition.
What do lab tests show?
Lab tests show whether or not your results fall within normal ranges. Normal test values are usually given as a range, rather than as a specific number, because normal values vary from person to person. What is normal for one person may not be normal for another person.
Some laboratory tests are precise, reliable indicators of specific health problems, while others provide more general information that gives doctors clues to your possible health problems. Information obtained from laboratory tests may help doctors decide whether other tests or procedures are needed to make a diagnosis or to develop or revise a previous treatment plan. All laboratory test results must be interpreted within the context of your overall health and should be used along with other exams or tests.
What factors affect your lab test results?
Many factors can affect test results, including:
- sex
- age
- race
- medical history
- general health
- specific foods
- drugs you are taking
- how closely your follow preparatory instructions
- variations in laboratory techniques
- variation from one laboratory to another
Exercises
Ex.1. Say whether the sentences that follow are right or wrong. Give the correct variant for the wrong statements (support your answer with a sentence from the text above):
1. Normal values of a laboratory test are not affected by what you eat and drink.
2. Test results may be different in different laboratories.
3. To check the changes in your health a physician usually administers blood and urine analyses.
4. It is necessary to eat or to have a drink of tea or coffee before the test.
5. To monitor the course of a disease over time a doctor should administer blood and urine analyses.
6. Different substances are used in the laboratories to see the reaction of a sample delivered to the laboratory.
7. The doctor should not discuss the results of laboratory tests with a patient.
Ex.2. a). Read the text:
Taking Blood
During venipuncturethe phlebotomist, a technician who takes blood, inserts a needle into a vein and withdraws blood into a specimen tube, which is sent to the hematology laboratory for analysis.Usually the phlebotomist can find a vein in the inner part of the elbow, antecubital fossa, that is easily accessible. She may apply a tourniquet –a tight band – in order to make the vein more prominent. Afterwards, the patient may be asked to press lightly on a dressing, usually a piece of gauze, to help the blood to clotand to prevent swelling and a hematoma (a black and blue mark, or abruise)where the vein was punctured.
Note: A bruiseis a specific mark. Bruisingcan be used to describe a number of bruises or a larger area – The patient exhibited bruising on the right forearm.
b). Complete the text. Look at Text A to help you:
(1) … are specially trained in taking blood. They are skilled at (2) … - puncturing the vein to take a blood sample. The wrist, hand and foot can be used but more often a vein in the inner part of the elbow is used. If it is difficult to locate a suitable vein, the patient may be asked to make a (3) …, or a (4) … may be applied on the upper arm to make the vein more apparent. Afterwards, a (5) … is applied and the patient is asked to press gently. This helps to stop the bleeding and to prevent (6) … at the site. It is important that (7) … are labeled correctly before they are sent to the hematology (8) …, where a full blood count or other investigations will be carried out.
Ex.2. Choose a topic for discussion:
1. It is important to administer lab tests not only to a sick person but also to a healthy one. Why?
2. Many factors can affect the results of a lab test. How should a patient be instructed before the test?
III. ECG, MRI and Ultrasound Examination
|
2014-09-04
1097
