D) a biopsy

XXI. Read the text and then speak about the causes of cancer and the possible ways to diagnose it:

Causes of Cancer and Its Diagnosis

Cancer is caused by many contributing factors ( способствующие факторы) collaborating ( взаимодействующие) over a long period of time. The causes of cancer are difficult to identify because it takes years for these interdependent precipitating elements ( ускоряющиеся элементы) to culminate ( становиться)into a cancer diagnosis. But why do some people get cancer while others remain cancer free? Although in general, we cannot pinpoint (определить) a single cause of cancer, we can identify cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) and cancer-promoting activities ( образ жизни, способствующий возникновению рака) that work together to encourage (способствовать) the development and spread of cancer. Cancer causes, which are as varied and individualized as cancer itself, can be controllable, uncontrollable, external or internal. Although causes of cancer are numerous, they can be placed into these basic categories.

• Genetics and family history (5 to 10 percent)
• Obesity (ожирение)and dietary habits (рацион питания) (35 percent)
• Environmental influences (25 percent)
• Lifestyle factors (30 percent)

Even in the case of genetic cancers, the activation of the gene may depend on a variety of factors. There is also a distinct difference between genetically caused cancers and cancers that arise from family history.

The success of therapy is primarily based on precise details. It is essential to figure out the place cancer is present as well as the kind of cancer cells found. The location that cancer first grows in the part of the body is known as primary cancer site ( место первичного возникновения рака). It is very important and critical to know the primary site in diagnosis as well as treatment because it may assist figure out how the particular cancer will act.

The most typical primary cancer sites tend to be the skin, colon, prostate, lungs and breasts. The key methods used to identify if cancer is very likely to be found are listed below:

• A direct observation, such as signs and symptoms
• Advanced imaging screening technologies
• Laboratory medical tests

As a final point, medical diagnosis is determined by checking out the suspicious (подозрительный ) tissue using a microscope. The suspicious tissue need to be taken out for this specific microscopic evaluation. This process is termed a biopsy. This verification (проверка) offers definitive proof required to prevent misdiagnosis. Evaluating of cancerous tissues samples can easily produce useful details about stage, grade, and type of cancer, which in turn will assist to figure out the very best plan for treatment.

XXII. Read the text and then answer the questions to the text:

Calcium May Prevent Colon Cancer

Eating more calcium might help prevent colon cancer by neutralizing the hazards of (нейтрализация вредного воздействия) a high-fat diet (питание с высоким содержанием жиров), a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests. The researchers said their work was the first to show that calcium could reverse (изменить, перевернуть) changes in the lining (внутренний слой) of the colon that often foreshadow (предзнаменовать, предвещать) cancer.

Dr. Martin Lipkin, who directed the study at Memorial Cancer Center in New York, cautioned (предостерегать) that the findings were preliminary (предварительные) and that no broad changes (значительные изменения) in diet could be recommended. But Dr. David Krichevsky of the Wister Institute in Philadelphia said: “Attempts to prevent colon cancer by eating more calcium yielded hopeful (многообещающие) results. This is confirmatory of (Это подтверждает) a lot of early data.”

Dr. Cedric Garland of the University of California, San Diego, who analyzing a large population survey recently found that people who drank a lot of milk appeared to have less colon cancer (меньше случаев заболевания раком) claims (требовать) to continue the research.

1) What hypothesis is suggested by the researches?

2) What findings are revealed by the researches?

3) What action of calcium in human body was observed?

4) What survey supports the preliminary data presented in the text?