X. Talk it over

1) How were microorganisms once classified?

2) What may be done in order to clarify the nature of microorganisms?

3) Describe the structure of the two groups of microorganisms, please.

4) How can they be referred to?

5) Shall we place the viruses in the first group or in the second?

XI. Choose the correct word corresponding to the definitions below:

parasite, stomach, fever, protein, chromosome, chemical

1. One of the minute threads in every nucleus in animal and plant cells, carrying genes.

2. Animal or plant living on or in another and getting its food from it.

3. Condition of the human body with temperature higher than usual, especially as a sign of illness.

4. Substance used in, or obtained by, chemistry.

5. Bag-like part of the alimentary canal into which food passes to be digested.

6. Body-building substance essential to good health, in such foods as milk, eggs, meat.

XII. Read the text, translate it and then choose the correct form according to the content:

Fever

Fever (also known as pyrexia /pʌɪˈrɛksɪə, pɪ-/ гипертермия, лихорадка) is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 36.5–37.5 °C (98–100 °F) due to an increase in the temperature regulatory set-point (установка). This increase is in set-point triggers (провоцирующие факторы), increased muscle tone and shivering.

As a person's temperature increases, there is, in general, a feeling of cold despite an increasing body temperature. Once the new temperature is reached, there is a feeling of warmth. A fever can be caused by many different conditions ranging from benign to potentially serious. There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial. With the exception of very high temperatures, treatment to reduce fever is often not necessary; however, antipyretic medications can be effective at lowering the temperature, which may improve the affected person's comfort.

Fever differs from uncontrolled hyperthermia, in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production and/or insufficient thermoregulation. A fever is usually accompanied by sickness behavior, which consists of lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, and the inability to concentrate.

1. Fever is one of the common medical signs characterized by very low temperature.

2. As a person`s temperature decreases, there is, a feeling of warmth.

3. Fever doesn`t differ from uncontrolled hyperthermia.

4. A fever is usually accompanied by sickness behavior, such as depression, sleepiness, anorexia and the inability to concentrate.

5. Modern medical science states that it is useful for a person to have fever.

XIII. Speak about:

a) an infectious disease you were ill with;

b) any infectious disease you are interested in, its etiology, signs and symptoms and give your recommendations how to treat it.

XIV. Complete the following sentences:

1. Thanks to vaccination against smallpox….

2. The mortality rate from such diseases as TB, dysentery, diphtheria, and measles has considerably diminished owing to….

3. If there is an inflammation somewhere in your body, the blood-test….

4. Prescriptions for pills, mixtures and ointments are made out by….

5. A sore throat usually occurs when….

6. Doctors advise us to keep to bed in case….

7. The doctor felt my pulse, listened to my heart and lungs and….

8. In order to cure someone of flu the doctors usually advise….

9. If I suffer from a splitting headache I usually….

10. People who are susceptible to cold should….

XV. Read the text and translate it:

Cough

A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants ( раздражающие факторы), foreign particles and microbes. The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis ( щель), and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Coughing can happen voluntarily ( самовольно) as well as involuntarily.

Frequent coughing usually indicates the presence of a disease. Many viruses and bacteria benefit ( выгадывать) evolutionarily by causing the host to cough, which helps to spread the disease to new hosts. Most of the time, coughing is caused by a respiratory tract infection but can be triggered by choking ( поперхнуться, давиться), smoking, air pollution, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, post-nasal drip ( после использования капель), chronic bronchitis, lung tumors, heart failure and medications such as ACE inhibitors ( ингибиторы АПФ).

Treatment should target the cause; for example, smoking cessation ( прекращение курения) or discontinuing ( прекращать прием)ACE inhibitors. Some people may be worried about serious illnesses, and reassurance ( достоверность) may suffice. Cough suppressants ( средства, подавляющие кашель) such as codeine or dextromethorphan are frequently prescribed, but have been demonstrated to have little effect. Other treatment options may target airway inflammation or may promote mucus expectoration ( отхаркивание, мокрота). As it is a natural protective reflex, suppressing the cough reflex might have damaging effects, especially if the cough is productive ( продуктивный). A cough can be classified by its duration, character, quality, and timing. The duration can be either acute (of sudden onset) if it is present less than three weeks, subacute if it is present between three and eight weeks, and chronic when lasting longer than eight weeks. A cough can be non-productive (dry) or productive (when sputum is coughed up). It may occur only at night (then called nocturnal cough), during both night and day, or just during the day. The most common cause of an acute or subacute cough is a viral respiratory tract infection such as the common cold, pneumonia, pertussis ( коклюш ), or tuberculosis. In the vast majority of cases, acute coughs, i.e. coughs shorter than 3 weeks, are due to the common cold. In people with a normal chest X-ray, tuberculosis is a rare finding. Pertussis is increasingly being recognised as a cause of troublesome coughing in adults.

XVI. Answer the following questions to the text:

1) What is a cough?

2) What does frequent coughing usually indicates?

3) What is the most common cause of an acute cough?

4) What are coughing`s treatment options?

5) Why is it dangerous to suppress the coughing reflex?

6) How can a cough be classified?

7) What is the difference between acute and chronic cough?

XVII. Read the text about cough-related diseases and compare them. Then speak about the differences of these diseases and define their signs and symptoms:

Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis

Asthma is a common cause of chronic cough in adults and children. Bronchial asthma can occur secondarily ( во вторую очередь)to a variety of stimuli. Stresses to which individuals with hyper-reactive bronchial trees ( бронхиальное дерево) are subjected may precipitate ( ускорить; вызвать)asthma attacks. These stresses may include viral respiratory infection; exercise; emotional upset; nonspecific factors (e.g. changes in barometric pressure or temperature); inhalation of cold air or such irritants as gasoline fumes ( запах бензина), fresh paint and other odors, or cigarette smoke; and exposure to specific allergens. Coughing may be the only symptom the person has from their asthma, or asthma symptoms may also include wheezing ( хрип), shortness of breath ( одышка), and a tight feeling in the chest. All of this may subside ( ослабевать) quickly or persist ( сохраняться, продолжаться) for hours to days. Depending on how severe the asthma is it can be treated with bronchodilators ( бронхолитические средства) (medicine which causes the airways to open up) or inhaled steroids ( ингаляционные стероиды). Treatment of the asthma should make the cough go away.

Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum (phlegm) and mucus, for at least three months in two consecutive years (последующих года). Chronic bronchitis is often the cause of “smoker’s cough.” The tobacco causes inflammation, secretion of mucus into the airway, and difficulty clearing that mucus out of the airways. Coughing helps clear those secretions out. May be treated by quitting smoking. May also be caused by Pneumoconiosis ( пневмокониоз)and long-term fume inhalation.

XVIII. Read the following text and translate it:

Cancer Diseases

The tissue and organs of the human body are made up of cells. All cells become old and die, and new cells are produced to replace them. The division and growth of cells is controlled but if this process gets out of control, the cells will continue to divide and develop into a lump (уплотнение, опухоль) which is called tumor. Tumors are either benign (доброкачественная)or malignant (злокачественная) and the name given to a malignant tumor is cancer. Cancer cells can invade other tissues within the body and produce additional tumors.

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer

It is so important to detect the signs and symptoms of cancer in order to treat this particular health issue. There are so many kinds of cancers that don’t show any particular signs or symptoms unless and until it gets bigger. And then it becomes too late to treat it. At times this disease might be discovered even before any signs of cancer are discovered.

Checking for possibility of cancer or tumor that can be cancerous, before you could discover any cancer symptoms, is popularly termed as cancer screening (скрининг рака). With cancer screening as well as routine physical exam you are able to detect any signs of cancer and if detected, go ahead with early treatments before it gets worst. Along with chemotherapy there are many other lab treatments that can assist treating cancer and kill all micro-organisms that might help in increasing the size of tumor. There are dozens of tumor types that can be either gentle or even cancerous. Treatment on tumor depends on what type it is of and how big or small it is. If in case you are a victim of breast, colon, rectum or cervix cancer ( рак груди, толстой кишки, прямой кишки или рак шейки матки) you can follow some lab procedures, tests, x-rays and others to begin the treatment. Chemotherapy is one of the treatments used now days to diagnose and find out all possible cancer symptoms.

Some of the common signs and symptoms of cancer include:

• Alterations (отклонения)in habits of bowel ( кишечник)or bladder (мочевой пузырь)
• Changes in mole (родинка)or in wart (бородавка)
• Unusual changes in weight
• Bleeding or discharge (выделения)
• Sore (язва, нарыв) that fails to heal

If you find out signs of cancer in skin, tissues or breast, livers, lungs, or stomach it is quite obvious that you are suffering from carcinoma cancer. When you discover carcinoma you need to begin treating it before it gets bigger and serious. Carcinoma enters in to the skin and affects tissues of body which later results in to a big disease. When you find out symptoms of carcinoma or any other type of cancer you need to see to (узнать) it if these symptoms are due to cancer or any other infections. Diagnosis of carcinoma will then be done by the doctors and treatments will begin accordingly. By considering medical history and other health issues doctors order for certain tests and physical exam. With the help of biopsy doctors find out whether patient is having cancer.