2015-02-27
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Министерство образования Российской Федерации
Writing Practice
Учебное пособие по развитию навыков письменной речи
Иваново 2003
УДК 42:802. 0:378.148
ББК Ш143.21
К 14
Казарова Е.И. Writing Practice. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков письменной речи. / Иван. гос. энерг. ун-т.- Иваново, 2003. – 88 с.
ISBN 5-89482-260-2
Пособие по развитию навыков письменной речи предназначено для студентов гуманитарных специальностей, а также для тех, кто желает получить образование за рубежом. Оно имеет целью ознакомить студентов с основными требованиями, предъявляемыми учебными заведениямиСША и Западной Европы, к письменным работам любого типа, например, сочинениям, изложениям, эссе, резюме, деловым документам, письмам и т.д.
Раздел «Formal Organization» обучает четкому структурированию письменной работы, т.е. подразделению ее на параграфы разных видов, использованию связи между ними, формированию общей темы работы и главной мысли каждого параграфа.
Раздел «Logical Organization» написан в соответствии с посылкой, что письменная речь - это активный мыслительный процесс, учит правильно использовать логические методы организации: оперировать фактами, мнениями; делать выводы, заключения; пользоваться приемами обобщения, спецификации, классификации, сравнения; выделять причину и следствие и др. Каждый из этих логических приемов снабжен лексическим минимумом.
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Разделы III и IV дают представление об основных формах письменных творческих работ, предлагают материалы для чтения, их дальнейшего обсуждения и письменного анализа. Здесь также представлены особые письменные задания, характерные для учебного процесса в зарубежных учебных заведениях.
Издание содержит ряд образцов сочинений, большое число тренировочных упражнений для развития навыков формального и логического построения письменной работы, а также творческие задания для написания сочинений, изложений, эссе, писем.
«Reference Unit» предоставляет материалы для грамотного оформления письменной работы.
Библиогр. 7 назв.
Печатается по разрешению редакционно-издательского совета Ивановского государственного энергетического университета
Научный редактор Н.А. Дударева
Рецензент О.Б.Саакян (РАН)
ISBN 5-89482-260-2 Ó Е.И. Казарова, 2003
Introduction
Composition is based on the assumption that writing is a form of communication and that the process of writing is an active thinking process. It demands a high degree of intellectual involvement.
A distinction should be made between Content (that is to say, subject matter) and Logical Organization (that is to say, method of organization). You are asked to concentrate on two things: what you are saying and how you are organizing what you're saying.
Throughout the book you will learn general rules (requirements) for formal organization as well as basic methods of logical organization that are common in English writing. When you are thoroughly familiar with all these methods you will be able to study at an English-speaking University or use English in business or professional life. The skills developed will be helpful for producing any kind of written paper like composition, reproduction, essay, summary, business document and so on.
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Part I
Formal organization
Any essay or composition should meet definite requirements typical for English writing. Let us start with formal methods of organization. Your composition must be clearly structured in paragraphs. Three kinds of paragraphs make up every formal composition. An introductory paragraph (introduction) begins the paper, stating what the paper is going to be about in the form of the thesis statement. Body paragraphs develop the thesis statement. A concluding paragraph (conclusion) restates the thesis, usually in different words, and shows briefly how the development relates to it. Many writers use transitional phrases (transitions) between paragraphs to achieve logical relations.
The topic sentence of a paragraph tells what the paragraph is about and how the idea is developed. A topic sentence can be put any place in the paragraph.
Now let us consider formal methods of writing organization in detail.
Model composition
I Have Three Days To Hear
/ have frankly lived my entire life with very little appreciation for the essential senses, such as seeing, tasting, listening, feeling, and smelling. However, if l didn't have one of these, I am sure that I would be heartbroken. In fact, if someone tells me today that I have only three days to hear, I will immediately organize a plan to hear some things which I really want to hear and to keep in my mind before I fall into silence. Here is the plan I will follow during my last three days to hear.
In that situation, on the first day, I will try to hear the sounds which are made by nature. Walking into the mountains and forest, I can hear and feel the sounds of land from the wind, plants, and animals. Also, going out to the sea and river, I can hear and feel the sounds of water made by the waves and flowing water. The sounds of the first day will bring the most basic sounds, and it is useful to make out the sounds of God.
On the second day, I will go to the city and hear the sounds which are made by people. First, I will go to an instrument store and hear the sounds of the instruments, one by one. Then, I will attend a concert hall, listen to the music being played by a lot of instruments, and feel the harmony which is created by people with musical instruments. Next, I will walk around the city all day, and I will hear every sound of human society, such as cars honking, machines grinding, dogs scratching, and babies crying. The experiences on this second day will make it possible for me to remember human society.
When the last day comes, I want to stay home, for I want to hear the sounds in my house and the voices of my family and friends. Thus, staying home, I will hear every sound which is made there so that I can remember the sounds after becoming deaf. Also, during this last day, I will listen to the voices of my family and friends saying, "I love you so much." Then I will try to remember all of the voices of the loving people as they describe their affection for me.
After I hear and experience the sounds of nature, humans and society, and my home and family, I will willingly accept my situation not to hear more. After the three days of concentrating on the sounds around me, I will try to be satisfied with my really good experiences to hear a lot of sounds. I will never forget these sounds; they will remain in my heart forever.
Exercise 1. Answer the following discussion questions.
1. What is the general topic of this essay? What is the thesis statement? Where is it located?
2. Find the topic sentences in the second, third, and fourth paragraphs. Does the author adequately support these ideas? How?
3. Underline the transitions used in this essay. Would you change any of them? Would you add transitions anywhere?
4. How does the author conclude the essay? Does he summarize the main ideas? Does he make a recommendation or prediction? Do you think it is well written?
5. What are some good points about this essay? What changes would you make?
| KEY CONCEPT: TOPIC The topic of an essay or a paper is the subject. It is usually a noun or a short noun phrase. The topic must be limited so that it can be discussed adequately. Beginning writers often make the mistake of not limiting their topics |
Beginning the writing process
Here is an example of a topic that is too general:
My Country
To narrow our topic, we ask ourselves questions. Which country? What can we say about this country that can be covered in one essay? We might come up with new topics like:
