2015-02-18
905
When creating an express private trust, the settlor creates rights and obligations that may survive his death. Certain conditions must therefore be met if the trust is to be valid in law. In English law, for example, there must be certainty that a trust is being created, what the trust property is, and who the beneficiaries are. When a husband left property to his widow to use "in any way she thinks best for the benefit of herself and her family," it was held that there was no certainty he had intended to create a trust, and so she was free to use the property as she wanted (Lambe vs. Barnes, 1871). On the other hand, when a Mr. Constance opened a bank account in his own name but made arrangements for his lover to draw money from it, this was certain enough evidence of her rights as a beneficiary (Paul vs. Constance, 1977). When someone's will declared a trust over "the bulk (greater part) of my estate," it was held there could I be no trust since no one could say how much property should be in the trust (Palmer vs. Simonds, 1854). A trust for the benefit of a firm's employees, former employees, and their relatives was held to be certain enough even though the number of beneficiaries might be very large (Re. Baden, 1973). One of the judges in this case suggested that a trust for the benefit of "the residents of London," would not be valid, however; although it is certain who the beneficiaries are to be, the number would be so great the trust could not be administered.
When creating an express public (charitable) trust, it is not necessary to be so certain about the beneficiaries. It is enough if the person giving the property (the donor) has shown a clear intention to benefit charity. In many countries charities can claim tax exemptions and so governments have clear rules about what may be considered a charity. In Japan, for example, over two hundred thousand new religious groups are registered as exempt from income tax having satisfied certain requirements under the civil code, such as the practice of "religious activities and possession of specific beliefs." In English law, in order to be considered a charity, an organization must work for one of four purposes: the relief of poverty, the advancement of religion, the advancement of education, or the benefit of the community. The last category is very vague. Trusts for the welfare of animals, for orphans, and for the, fire brigade, have been allowed under this category, but a trust to look after a specific animal would not be allowed. Amnesty International was disallowed because it was held to have a political element. And an organization opposed to experiments on animals was disallowed because it was held that on balance such experiments were to the benefit of the community.
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2. Выпишите из текстов английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: министр внутренних дел (Великобритании); связь между центральным и местным управлением; офицеры полиции не являются государственными служащими; подчиняться и уголовному, и гражданскому законам; предотвращать все правонарушения против личности и собственности субъектов Ее Королевского Величества; начинать службу в качестве констебля; назначение на должность; ежегодно определять основные цели и задачи оперативной деятельности; первоначальная подготовка сотрудников полиции; высший полицейский колледж Соединенного Королевства; главный инспектор полиции Ее Королевского Величества; совершенствовать деятельность полиции с помощью выявления и распространения положительного опыта работы.
3. Найдите и выпишите из текстов 3 предложения, содержащие инфинитив. Определите формы и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
4. Найдите и выпишите из текстов 3 предложения, содержащие причастие. Определите формы и функции причастия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
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5. Найдите и выпишите из текстов 3 предложения, содержащие герундий. Определите формы и функции герундия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
6. Переведите письменно 7, 8, 9, 10 абзацы текста A.
7. Напишите аннотацию к тексту, используя следующие клишированные словосочетания (3-5 предложений): the precis deals with …; the abstract is devoted to …; the work is concerned with … (bears on …, gives explanation of …, is intended to demonstrate certain phenomena, is designed to provide some information about …); the subject of the paper under review is …; the author touches upon the problem of …; … is (are) described; special attention is given (paid) to …; the chief aim (main purpose) of the work is …; the main result of the work is … (that it has given a clue to …).
8. Составьте свое жизнеописание (C.V.), используя образец на стр. 29.
