Хрестоматии

Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка с VII по XVII вв. (с грамматическими таблицами и историческим и этимологическим словарем). – М.: Изд-во литературы на иностранных языках, 1953.

СТРУКТУРА БИЛЕТА

Билет по дисциплине состоит из:

ü двух теоретических вопросов,

ü текста, относящегося к различным периодам истории английского языка, с прилагаемыми практическими заданиями,

ü лингвистических терминов

«Московский государственный лингвистический университет» Евразийский лингвистический институт МГЛУ ЕАЛИ	Кафедра английской филологии Экзаменационный билет № 9 Дисциплина: Введение в спецфилологию и история английского языка Факультет: английского языка Специальность: 035700 Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур Квалификация: бакалавр Семестр: VIII
1. The chronological divisions in the history of English: the Middle English period. 2. The growth of the significance of syntax in the course of the history of English. 3. Text 4 4. Give the definitions of the following linguistic terms: analytical construction (with the status of a word-form), convergent development, standard

ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ВОПРОСОВ К ЭКЗАМЕНУ ПО ИСТОРИИ ЯЗЫКА:

1. Classification of Old Germanic tribes and Old Germanic languages.

2. Old Germanic writing system. The common Germanic value system encapsulated in the runes.

3. Divergent development vs. convergent development. The common Germanic diachronic typological constant.

4. The typological status of the English language. Technique as a typological criterion.

5. The typological status of the English language. The criterion of word-structure.

6. Language history and systematic approach.

7. The chronological divisions in the history of English: the Old English period.

8. The chronological divisions in the history of English: the Middle English period.

9. The chronological divisions in the history of English: the Early New English period.

10. The formation of the National Literary English language.

11. Historical background and evolution of the Modern English spelling.

12. Old English vowel system.

13. Old English consonant system.

14. Old English verbal system: weak verbs.

15 Old English verbal system: strong verbs.

16. Old English minor groups of verbs.

17. Old English noun. Morphological classification of nouns. Types of declensions.

18. Historical changes in the sphere of the English vocabulary: borrowings from the Latin Language.

19. Historical changes in the sphere of the English vocabulary: borrowings from the French Language.

20. Historical changes in the sphere of the English vocabulary: Celtic borrowings.

21. Historical changes in the sphere of the English vocabulary: Scandinavian borrowings.

22. Effect of the Norman Conquest on the linguistic situation in Britain. Middle English dialects.

23. Middle English and Early New English vowel system.

24. Middle English and Early New English consonant system.

25. Middle English nouns. Unification of the ways of expressing plural number.

26. Middle English weak verbs.

27. Middle English strong verbs.

28. Middle English and Early New English minor groups of verbs.

ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ:

TEXT 1

Ælfred cyning hāteð grētan Wærferð biscep his wordum luflice ond frēōndlice ond ðē cyðan hāte ðæt mē cōm swīðe oft on gemynd, hwelce wiotan īū wæron giond Angelcynn ægðer gē godcundra hāda gē woruldcundra; ond hū gesæliglica tīda ðā wæron giond Angelcynn. (Cura Pastoralis, Preface)

King Alfred orders to greet bishop Waerferth fervently with friendly words and orders to tell, you, what often enough came to my mind, what wise men there were in the past among the Angles either of divine state or of lay state; and what a wonderful time there was among Englishmen.

Tasks to the text:

1. Find the neuter nouns, define the type of their declension, explain the difference of ja-stems from pure a-stems.

2. Account for all the types of noun declension. Which of them are used in the text?

TEXT 2

Þa gegaderode man swiðe mycele fyrde of Wiltunscire and of Hamtunscire and swiðe anrædlice wið þæs heres weard wæron. Þa sceolde se ealdorman Ælfric lædan þa fyrde, ac he teah forð þa his ealdan wrenceas. Sona swa hi wæron swa ge hende þet ægðer heora on oþer hawede þa gebræd he hine seocne and ongan hine brecan to spiwenne and cweð þet he gesiclod wære. And swa þæt folc beswac þet he lædan sceolde. Swa hit gecweðen is: þonne se heretoga wacað þonne bið eall se here swiþe gehindred.

Then a great English army was gathered from Wiltshire and from Hampshire, and they were going very resolutely towards the enemy. Then Ealdorman Elfric was to lead the army, but he was up to his old tricks. As soon as they were so close that each army looked on the other, he feigned him sick, and began retching to vomit, and said that he was taken ill, and thus betrayed the people whom he should have led. As the saying goes: ‘When the leader gives way, the whole army will be much hindered’

Tasks to the text:

1. Find the verbs, determine their type, build the principal forms.

2. Define the class of the verbs and build their principal forms:

wrītan	to write	findan	to find
drīfan	to drive	helpan	to help
flēōgan	to flee	steorfan	to die
stelan	to steal	beran	to bear
cweþan	to tell	standan	to stand
cnāwan	to know	feallan	to fall

TEXT 3

Now fel it, that the maistres of that sort

Han shapen hem to Rome for to wende

Were it for chapmanhod or for disport,

Non other message wolde they thider sende,

But comen himself to Rome, this is the ende;

And in swich place, as thoughte hem avantage

For hire entente, they take hire herbergage.

(Canterbury Tales, The Man of Law’s Tale)

It happened that some leading merchants of this sort planned to go to Rome, either for business or for pleasure; they did not want to send there any other messenger, but at the end they came to Rome themselves, they took their lodgings in a place that seemed to suit their purpose best.

Tasks to the text:

1. Pick out the words which were influenced by the Great Vowel Shift.

2. Pick out all the verbs which made the group of non-standard verbs at the end of the Early Middle English period. Determine the morphological type they belonged to in Old English.

3. Find the words borrowed from French and Latin.

GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS

Ablaut – an independent vowel interchange unconnected with any phonetic conditions (the earliest set of vowel interchange, which dates from Proto-Germanic and Proto-Indo-European):

Ø if the vowels differ only in quality, this kind of ablaut is called qualitative

Ø alternation of short and long vowels, and also alternation with a “zero” (i.e. lack of vowel) represent quantitative ablaut

Agglutinative - refers to an abstract linguistic model for the type of language where the canonical meaningful unit is usually represented by an affixationa! word which consists of the root-morpheme extended by a number of affixes. Each affix represents a particular grammatical meaning, the order of the affixes being determined by the number of grammatical meanings required. The term originates from the Latin root agglutinare ‘to glue onto’.

Agreement (concord) - a kind of subordinating technique in which the dependent word-form duplicates the grammatical meanings of the main word-form with the help of special morphological markers.

Analytical - refers to the technique of linking meaningful units within a word or a sentence structure, whereby formally more or less separable meaningful elements comprise a single functional entity (lexical or grammatical unit). The extreme manifestation of analyticism is a combination of primary lexemes.

Analytical construction (with the status of a word-form) - a more or less grammaticalised word combination that had been co-opted by a particular word-changing paradigm as functionally equal to the synthetic elements of the paradigm unit.

Analytical construction (with the status of a lexeme) - a structural group (kind) of lexemes which is organised as a combination of words (primary lexemes). Formally analytical lexemes are secondary, i. e. derived from combinations of primary lexemes. Yet, functionally as nominative units they are primary as the most effective (prototypical) representations of a particular lexical concept in the language.

Breaking – the change when the front [i], [e] and the newly developed [æ], changed into diphthongs with a back glide when they stood before [ h ], before long (doubled) [ ll ] or [ l ] plus consonant, and before [ r ] plus other consonant.

Cognates – words in related languages which have similar forms and are, or were, used with similar meanings.

Common Germanic diachronic typological constant – consists of the gradual decay of the former inflecting, synthetic characteristics and stable tendency towards analyticism, isolation and (or) agglutination.

Convergent development suggests coming together the same point.

Creole - a pidgin that has become a native language, and developed non-pidgin complexities.

Cross-level - the process with language units of different levels involved. Such processes often lead to the extension of the functional load of the items (sometimes called ‘exaptation’).

Dependent vowel changes (also positional or combinative) – restricted to certain positions or phonetic conditions, eg., a sound may change under the influence of the neighbouring sounds or in a certain type of syllable.

Divergent development implies separation from a common point and movement in different directions.

Etymology - a branch of linguistic knowledge which deals with the origins of words.

Etymological stratum (layer) of words - a group of lexemes which have similar origins (originate from one and the same source language).

Finite paradigm - a set of verbal forms which are differentiated in person, tense, and number.

Functional category - a group of items united by a common functional feature.

Geminate - a long or double segment (the term is more usually applied to consonants than to vowels). Old English geminates are products of the consonantal opposition of protensity.

Government - a technique of linking word-forms in subordinating syntagms where the choice of the word-form of the dependent word depends on the meaning (semantics) of the main word-form.

Grammatical category - a relatively stable functional type within the language which is based on a particular grammatical meaning regularly represented in a particular formal word-changing type. Grammatical categories can be described in terms of semantic and formal grammatical oppositions and functional semantic fields. The intensity (complexity) of the grammatical semantic oppositions influences the structure and inventory of the sets of forms in the correlated word-changing paradigms.

Grammatical function - the function of a linguistic unit on the grammatical level in the language system, i. e. a capacity to convey a general grammatical (categorial, part-of-speech) meaning or specific grammatical meanings (tense, person, number, aspect, etc).

Historical typology - a branch of linguistic typology; deals with similar historical tendencies in the transformation of language types. Also the study of stability (instability) of particular typologically relevant strategies in the history of one and the same language. Historical typology provides theoretical background for the systematisation of empirical knowledge obtained by history of language (languages).

Germination (or doubling) – the process of lengthening of consonants after a short vowel before [i].

Independent vowel changes (also spontaneous or regular) – take place irrespective of phonetic conditions, i.e. they affect a certain sound in all positions.

Inflecting - referring to a word-form containing an inflexion. Also about a language which is characterised by inflecting word-changing paradigms.

Isogloss - a line based on the distribution of some linguistic feature separating two dialect areas.

Isolating - refers to an abstract linguistic model for the type of the language where the canonical meaningful unit is usually represented by a morphosyllable (root word, sometimes called ‘primary lexeme’). The language type is characterised by the absence of regular affixation, the modification of lexicaland the expression of grammatical meanings are achieved via various configurations of primary lexemes.

Juxtaposition - a technique of linking words whereby they are placed side by sidfe. Thecloser the semantic connection between words, the closer to each other they tend to be placed in a sentence.

Language substrate - a dominated language influence on the dominant language in their contact area.

Language variation - is used to describe the state of a language whereby it exists in several varieties each having its own systematicity (systemic organisation). The dimensions for various types of language variation are studied by socio- and ethnolinguists as well as dialectologists.

i-Umlaut (or palatal mutation) – the fronting and raising of vowels through the influence of [i] or [j] in the immediately following syllable.

Open class - the term is used to characterise sets of items (generally parts of speech) which are normally extendable with new members (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives). An open class is generally opposed to a closed class of items.

Pidgin – ‘contact language’ used mainly for practical purposes by groups that have no language in common; pidgins are normally largely based on one of the contacting languages (the lexifier language), and display very simplified grammatical and phonological structure.

Preterite present - a type of Germanic verb whose present system is historically (and formally) a strong verb past tense, e.g. О. Е. cann ‘I/he can’. In Modern English grammars such verbs are called modal.

Productive - usually refers to such models that are capable of generating open sets of items with an infinite inventory of items. Productivity is a feature of the core of the language system.

Rhotacism - a change in which * [z] < */s/ becomes /r/: e.g. OE curon ‘they chose’ < */kuzun/ < */kusun/.

Standard - a (prestigious) variety of a language which has been normalised and standardised and is used in various functions as being the official state language of the country (countries).

Standardisation -

Ø a deliberate activity aimed at normalisation and fixation in the desired form and functional elaboration of a particular variety of a language in order to increase its prestige as compared with the other varieties of the language;

Ø the development of relatively stable rules and regulations concerning the use of the language items and structures.

Strongverbs built their principal forms with the help of root vowel interchange (they made use of IE ablaut with certain modifications due to phonetic changes and environment.

Suppletive - referring to the introduction of phonologically unrelated forms within an inflectional paradigm, as in go / went.

Synthetic - refers to the technique of linking meaningful units within a single form. The extreme manifestation of analyticism is fusion of formerly separable word-elements into one. In the sentence structure synthesis is associated with formal government and agreement of word-forms within a syntagm.

Technique - refers to the predominant types of linking meaningful units within a word or sentence structure.

Typological heterogeneity of a language - a combination of typologicaliy diverging characteristics (typical of different abstract model types) in the system of one and the same language.

Typological status of a language — language-specific more or less stable configuration of the productive types within the language by which researchers can identify the essential self-regulating parameters of the language.

Typologicaliy diverging - combining essential features of different abstract models of language types.

Typologicaliy relevant tendencies (strategies) - the processes in a language which are significant for the formation of the language type.

Unit of analysis - an element of language substance and structure, which is identified by the researcher as an entity for empirical analysis depending on the goals the researcher sets before him (her).

Unproductive - peripheral, fossilised models, incapable of generating open paradigms with any new items.

Vocalisation - the change of a non-vowel (usually sonorant, such as /r/, /i/, /j/, to a vowel.

Weakverbs built their principal forms by inserting a special dental suffix between the root and ending.

Word-changing paradigm - a set of items (formal structural types), functionally specified to convey a particular semantic content associated with a particular grammatical category.

Word-forming paradigm - a set of items (formal structural types) such as, affixes, patterns of compounding, etc., which are functionally specified on creating particular nominative lexical units.

Word structure - a structural organisation of the elements (smaller meaningful units) within a word.

[1] For examples of shortening, lengthening, development of monophthongs and diphthongs see Ivanova I.E., Karypkina Yu.N. History of the English Language in Tables. - Irkutsk: ISLU, 2012.

[2] for the definition of I-Mutation see p. 12

[3] Шапошникова И.В. История английского языка. – Новосибирск: НГУ, 2009. – С. 145

[4] Перевод И. Кашкина и О. Румера. Кентерберийские рассказы Дж. Чосера. – М.: Издатьельство «Правда», 1988

[5] Шапошникова И.В. История английского языка. – Новосибирск: НГУ, 2009. – С. 484-485

[6] Шапошникова И.В. История английского языка. – Новосибирск: НГУ, 2009. – С. 487