Formation and evolution of monetary and currency systems

Types of monetary systems. The basic historical types of monetary systems: the metal reference (a bimetallism and monometallism) and the nonmetallic reference. Factors of formation of monetary systems in national economies. The valid money – coins and features of their reference. Coin requisites: test, a ligature, аверс, a backspacing, a herd. Remedium at the reference of high-grade coins from precious metals and an order of its establishment. Damage of coins: natural (deleting in the course of the reference) and the government (historical examples). Features of the monetary systems based on the reference of high-grade coins from precious metals. Coins as lawful national means of payment. Features of systems of the free (open) and closed stamping of coins. Concept of the state monetary income. Kinds and subspecies of metal monetary systems. Defective coins and an order of their reference. The reference of defective coins as natural transition to the reference of nonmetallic money.

Bimetallism and its basic forms. Concept of a bimetallism. Three versions of a bimetallism: the double currency, the parallel currency, "limping" currency. Features of these systems. Occurrence and bimetallism evolution. The Latin monetary union and its basic positions. Bimetallism lacks as systems of the reference of metallic currency. The law of Greshema – Kopernik. Gradual replacement by gold coins of the silver. Features of a bimetallism in Russia.

Monometallism and its basic forms. Concept and the basic characteristics of monometallism. Copper monometallism. Silver monometallism and its features in Russia. Reform of Kankrina and Vitte's reform. Gold monometallism (the gold standard): essence, features, formation, evolution history. Systems of gold monometallism: gold-value standards. Their features. Historical examples.

Systems of the reference of nonmetallic money (fiduciary). Concept and kinds. Currency liberalism. Formation and evolution. Historical and modern examples national девизных systems. System of the closed currencies. Concept and features. Currency restrictions and currency regulation in systems of the closed currencies. Features of the closed currencies in a former communist block. Modern national systems of the closed currencies.

Evolution of the international currency system. Concept and preconditions (factors) of creation. Gold monometallism and the first international currency system – Parisian (1867-1914). The basic characteristics, advantages and lacks of the Parisian system. The reasons of the termination of its functioning in 1914 of the Form of restrictions on gold monometallism in 1914-22 the Second international currency system – Genoa (1922-29), – and its key characteristics. The gold-value standard (England, France), gold-value standard (USA), gold-value the standard (the other countries) and their fastening by norms of international law at the Genoa conference. The cut down forms of the gold standard and their features. The third world currency system – Bretton-Woods (1944-76). Gold-value the standard. The status of reserve (key) currencies at dollar and pound sterling. Gold parities of currencies and their fixing in the International currency fund. Gold as international reserve and means of payment. A dollar and gold parity (35, 38, 42, 22 dollars for 1 troy gold ounce). Free exchange dollar авуаров other member countries of Bretton-Woods system in gold at the official price Exchequer of the USA. Bretton-Woods system as gold-dollar the standard. The fixed rates of exchange. Devaluations and revaluations. Regulation of the international currency system by the International currency fund. Evolution for «dollar hunger» 1950th to «dollar saturation» 1960th «the Gold bomb» De Gaulle. Mark and yen revaluations and devaluation of dollar 1971 and 1973 Reduction of gold reserves of the USA and the official termination of an exchange of dollars on gold ingots. Crisis of Bretton-Woods currency system (1973-75) And its basic displays. The crisis reasons. The fourth currency system – Jamaican (1976 – an ice crust. Time). Gold demonetization and key parameters demonetization. Gold auctions of the International currency fund of 1980th in favor of developing countries. Key (reserve) currencies under Jamaican agreements. Multicurrecy new currency system. Gradual dollarization and transition in 1980-90-s' to dollar (one-currency) currency system. Dollar hegemony (1990-2000-s') and advantages of the USA in carrying out of a monetary policy. Modern currency crisis as a part of global financial crisis (2008 – an ice crust. Time). Currency wars between the USA and China, the USA and EU: the reasons and display forms.

The European currency system as the form of regional currency system. Formation and evolution history. Unification of calculations within the limits of the European association of coal and a steel and the Benelux countries. The Roman contract of 1957 on creation of "Common market" (EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY). The program of a transition period of "Common market" (1958-70). The European association of free trade (ЕАСТ) seven countries (1960). The termination of existence ЕАСТ in 1970th and expansion of EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY to 25 countries in 2004 Currency integration of the countries of EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: from the European payment union (ЕПС, 1950-58) before introduction of uniform regional currency of euro (2000-2002). Stages of creation of the European currency union. «Verner's plan» (1971) and the reasons of its incomplete realization. Creation ЕВС (1979). Non-cash currency – ECU. The Maastricht contract on the European union (1991). The uniform monetary policy (1999). The European central bank. Amsterdam and Lisbon contracts.

Gold in modern monetary and currency systems. Features of gold as monetary metal. Gold in monetary systems. Evolution of the monetary systems based on gold. The reasons демонетизации gold in 1970th Modern functions of gold. The gold markets. Gold as the exchange goods and object of purchase and sale. Kinds of transactions with gold in the market (stock exchange). Gold stock exchanges. Forms of the reference of gold in the modern markets (standard and measured ingots, plates, products, semifinished products, coins, gold certificates). The price for gold and feature of its formation. Gold fixings at the London stock exchange. The modern price for gold and feature of its dynamics. Sources of demand and sources of the offer of gold. An infrastructure of the markets of gold. Kinds of the markets of gold. Operations in the markets of gold and their principal views.