Grammar: Active voice

Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Before they (to appoint) Radischev Head of St.Petersburg custom house he (to work) for Commerce Board.

2. He (to be sure) that protectionist policy (to stimulate) industrial production.

3. He (to work) for the customs for 15 years. Then he retired.

4. When he (to work) at the customs tariffs he (to come) to the conclusion that it (to serve) the development of the country.

5. He (to collect) duties for 10 years and now he (to be) a good professional.

6. Customs regimes were established after the Russian tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (to sign) the new Trade Statute.

VOCABULARY

seal (n)	печать, пломба
to seal (v)	опечатывать, пломбировать
to purchase (v)	покупать, приобретать
goods (plural) (n)	товары
frontier (n)	граница
statute (n) syn. law, act	закон
confiscation (n) syn. seizure, forfeiture	конфискация
to require (v)	требовать
to limit (v)	ограничивать
duty (n)	пошлина
customs duty	таможенная пошлина
to collect duties	собирать таможенные пошлины
foreign trade	внешняя торговля
custom house	таможня
free trade	свободная торговля
to protect (v)	защищать
customs tariff	таможенный тариф
to be in charge of	отвечать за что-либо
to regulate export and import	регулировать экспорт и импорт
customs business	таможенное дело
customs service	таможенная служба

UNIT II. CUSTOMS AREAS

The Customs areas include the following:

Duty collection

The assessment and collection of duties and taxes have always been one of the main functions of customs organization. In fact collection of the revenue is the responsibility with which customs usually started. Throughout its history the customs has supplied the federal budget with the revenue necessary for investment in the economy and in the country’s basic infrastructure, i.e. new schools, roads, hospitals.

Classification

Merchandise classification is the foundation on which duty collection occurs. All goods entering the country should be classified by use of the established numerical coding system. Most countries are now adopting the Harmonized System of Classification which, in case of uniform application, can help improve the classification of goods and prevent losses of duty collection.

Appraisement

Cargo shipments entering the country are to be supplied with the necessary documents, f.ex. commercial invoices. This cargo document is a basis for goods valuation. Undervaluatio n can result in underpayment of duties.