2015-05-26
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2. Существительное (глагол) -H -fill = прилагательное со значением
«обладающий качеством, выраженным основой»: harm вред — harm
ful вредный.
Success, care, beauty, joy, use, help
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. empty, to empty, emptiness; 2. average, to average; 3. vapour, to evaporate, evaporation, evaporable; 4. frequent, frequency, frequently; 5. urea, urine, urination, urinary, ureter, urethra, urology, uremia
Упражнение б. Просмотрите текст А, разделите его на 3 части и назовите тему каждой части.
!*-- Text A
Excretory Organs
Various harmful and unnecessary substances are continually being formed in the human body. These substances entering the blood are eliminated from the body by the excretory organs, namely the kidneys, the skin and the lungs; the latter are passing out carbon dioxide and water vapour. The quantity of water lost through the lungs probably varies within small limits only. The quantity lost through the sweat varies, of course, with temperature as well as with exercise. It may be said that the amounts of water secreted through the kidneys and skin are of an inverse proportion to each other, that is, the greater the amount lost through the skin, the less will be secreted by the kidneys.
Through these three organs but mainly through the kidneys blood is being continuously depleted of water and the loss must be made up by the ingestion of new water.
Most of the body wastes are found to be eliminated in the urine by the urinary organs. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Urine is formed in the kidneys, which are the main organ of excretion. It then passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder which serves as a reservoir. The bladder is emptied through the urethra, which leads to the exterior of the body. The wastes are excreted as urine, which is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent water, plus urea and various salts. The density of urine appears to
Lesson 11 <► 139
vary from 1.015 to 1.020; the PH averages about 6. The healthy adult.eems to excrete an average of about 1.5 litres of urine from the body daily. From 40 to 65 per cent of all fluid taken into the body is eliminated as urine, the rest, by evaporation from the body surface, evaporation horn the lungs, etc. When the loss of water through evaporation or perspiration is increased, as in summer months, the urine volume is reduced; if the water intake is increased, the volume of urine increases us well.
The combination of a warm, rainy day, increased liquid intake as well as moist air that prevents evaporation from the skin results in great frequency of urination.
The urine is being formed in the kidneys from many waste and harmfiil substances contained in the blood. Blood flows into the kidneys through the blood vessels. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed of these substances. Thus, the blood leaving the kidneys is pure while urine formed in the kidneys flows down special ducts — the ureters, passing into the bladder from which it is eliminated.
An excretory function is also performed by the skin. The skin being the cover of the body protects it from harmful external influence and serves at the same time as an excretory organ passing the sweat out.
Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin. It consists of water in which substances similar to those in the urine are Formed but in smaller quantities. The evaporation of perspiration is known to cool the body and protect it from overheat as well.
