Слова к части II

tense n чувство, ощущение; terminal [Чэ:пппэ1] п окончание

cutaneous sense кожное ощущение scatter fskaetd] v рассеивать(ся), раз-
pain [pein] п боль брасывать:_; -

*mell [smel] n запах; обоняние augment ['o:gment] уувеличивать(ся),
thirst [03:st] п жажда усиливатъ(ся)

Упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.

classification, to classify, equilibrium, cutaneous, to distribute, cor­puscle, reflex, stimulus

Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово, синонимичное данному в начале ряда.

1. sense - feeling, sense organs, faculty, sensation; 2. to excite - to cause, to respond, to arouse, to stimulate; 3. completely - partially, always, fully, at last, to the end; 4. to augment — to decrease, to in­crease, to stop, to stimulate

Упражнение З. Найдите слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда.

1. знакомый — famous, known, near, close, familiar; 2. ощущение, иосприятие - sense, sensibility, sensation, sensationism; 3. усталость -hunger, thirst, fatigue, tired; 4. спускаться - to ascend, to come down, to go down, to descend

Упражнение 4. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, какие органы чувств описаны в тексте. Опишите механизм мышечных ощущений. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения с ing-формами.

Text В Classification of the Senses

Sense organs are specialized endings of the sensory division of the peripheral nerves.

We are commonly thought to possess five senses. Actually, there are many more. We may classify them as follows: 1) the cutaneous senses -

158 ♦ Learning to Understand a Medical Text

touch, heat, cold and pain; 2) the deeper senses - pressure and muscle sense; 3) the internal senses, or senses from the internal organs of the body; 4) the special senses, or those in which the receptors lie in special organs - sight, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell; and finally 5) the general body senses — hunger, thirst, fatigue, sexual sensation, etc.

The cutaneous senses. There are said to be 500,000 touch receptors in the skin. They are unevenly distributed, being most numerous in the finger tips, lips and tongue, and least numerous on the back. Their receptors are specialized structures called Meissner's corpuscles. The sense-organs for cold constitute 150,000 receptors; they are the end-organs of Krause. Warmth has about 16,000 receptors, the end-organs of Ruffini; and pain has some 3,000,000 receptors. Pain receptors, how­ever, are not specialized; they are simply the naked ends of the pain nerves, ^soWieWfrat branched at their terminals. The Pacinian corpuscles are the receptors for pressure, and the muscle spindles for muscle sense.

Proprioception. Everyone knows what pain and touch are, but proprio-ception («muscle sense») may be less familiar. It is a very important sense since it is the sensory link of a reflex controlling muscle tone and contrac­tion; and it also gives the brain important information about the location or position of the limbs. Muscle spindles are tiny, spindle-shaped structures scattered throughout muscles, and they are most numerous around the tendons and joints. The stimulus exciting them is muscle contraction and joint movement. Since muscles are never completely at rest - one portion or another is contracting all the time — there is a constant flow of nerve impulses into the spinal cord over the muscle sense fibres. Any activity of muscles, such as walking, augments the flow. Let us analyze the fact of walking. One foot is lifted from the ground, moved forward, and, as it descends, the weight of the body is shifted to this foot. The other foot is then lifted, moved, etc. Once a child has learned to walk, he accomplishes this action not notising it; it is done reflexly, and this reflex is one in which the sensory information comes over the fibres of proprioception.

At any instant of time, the spinal cord is receiving information as to the immediate, present location of the feet and legs, and it is sending out, over motor fibres, impulses which continue the activity. At any time, a person knows, without looking, approximately where his feet are and where his legs are, since this information is also being sent to the brain.

Упражнение б. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений.

1. There are more senses than we are commonly thought to possess. 2. Besides touch receptors there are cold, warmth and pain receptors.

Lesson 13 О 159

i Proprioception is the sensory link of a reflex. 4. Muscle contraction md joint movements excite muscle spindles. 5. Walking augments the How of impulses. 6. The spinal cord and the brain regulate motor activity.

N пражнение 7. Передайте основное содержание текста В письменно.

Упражнение 8. Назовите наиболее важные центры головного мозга. Проверьте себя по рис. 12.