Preparing a business plan

A business plan is essential to the start-up, growth and modification of any business whether it be a small private farm or a large state farm or an agricultural processing facility. The business plan specifically defines the business. It identifies and clarifies goals and provides the direction for their achievement.

A well developed plan will serve three primary functions.

First, it will act as a feasibility study. Writing the plan forces the business owner or director to translate ideas into black and white allowing substantiation and evaluation of the assumptions upon which the plan is based. It helps to determine the need for, and proper allocation of resources and, by allowing the owner to look for weak spots and vulnerabilities, helps reduce the risk of unforeseen complications.

Second, the plan will serve as a management tool. It provides a guide or implementation and standards against which to evaluate performance. Properly utilised, it can help alert the owner / manager to potential problems before they become detrimental, and potential opportunities before they are missed.

Third, the plan is the tool for obtaining financing for the business. Whether seeking bank financing, private domestic or foreign investors, government financing or venture capital, a detailed, well-drafted plan is necessary. (Wt.)

6. …The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries under the British Flag where, I understand, there was a change in the law, to a greater or less degree, in the direction which the noble and learned Earl so earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the view that the case for resisting the noble Earl’s Amendment is not overwhelming, so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admitted but both of which run into some conflict.

7. The Supplier guarantees that the goods are in all respects in accordance with the description, technical conditions and specifications of the order, that they are free from defects in material, design and workmanship and they conform to the Supplier’s highest standards. Should the goods prove defective during the period of 12 months from the date of putting the machine, equipment or instruments into operation but not more than 18 months from the date of shipment, the Supplier undertakes to remedy the defects or to replace the faulty goods delivering them c.i.f. Baltic or Black Sea port at the Buyer’s option, free of change, or to refund the value of the goods paid by the Buyer.

8. Optimization – a Basic Viewpoint

One of the hallmarks of the economic theorist’s (and the operations researcher’s) approach to the analysis of business behavior and business problems is the concept of optimization. In business practice it is common to see management’s decisions made on the basis of some set of fixed numbers which are meant to represent the extent of the opportunities open to the firm. For example, businessmen freguently arrange for market surveys to estimate how much of their products they will be able to sell in the next year or some other period in the future. On the basis of such figures, which management seems to treat as fixed constants (under some such name as “market potential”), it decides how much raw material to put into inventory, how many salesmen to hire, etc.

This sort of reasoning is the antithesis of the approach of the economic theorist and the operations researcher. In their analyses, one starts from the position that there is no one fixed amount of any commodity which buyers are prepared to purchase. Rather, sales will depend on price, advertising expenditire, and a host of other variables whose values may be under the businessman’s control. For this reason, the number of salesmen to be hired should not be based on any fixed estimate of future sales, for the size of the sales force helps, in turn, to determine the sales volume. (William J. Baumol)

Упражнение 27. Определите, в каком стиле могут встретиться следующие фрагменты текста.

- The process is called photosynthesis.

- The position of war pensioners is said to be kept under close review.

- Seems odd, doesn’t it, fellas?

- We are pleased to have received your order.

- The summer sun rising in the east was red.

- Iraq: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Gunpoint Democracy

- Highly esteemed members of the conference!

- As sales rise, that’s likely to lead to more jobs in the construction industry.

- It is easy to calculate approximative dimensions of these linear spaces.

Упражнение 28. Преобразуйте предложения в газетные заголовки, учитывая стилистические особенности английских газетных заголовков.

A secret nuclear fuel plant has been revealed in Britain.

What President said about the summit conference.

The government discussed the effect of price control.

There has been a significant drugs scandal involving the DJ.

Russian tennis-players are winning the US Open.

Sales of new US homes surged 9.6 percent in July.

Here are the pros and cons of debit cards and credit cards.

РЕКОМЕНДУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Основная литература

1. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык. М., 2006.

2. Гальперин И.Р. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. М.,1958.

3. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. – М., 2003.

4. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1986.

5. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – M., 1977.

6. Shakhovsky V.I. English Stylistics. M., 2008.

7. Znamenskaya T.A. Stylistics of the English Language. M., 2008.

Дополнительная литература

1. Бельчиков Ю.А. О культурном коннотативном компоненте лексики. – Язык: система и функционирование. Сб. научных трудов. М., 1988, с.30-35.

2. Богин Г.И. Методологическое пособие по интерпретации художественного текста. Для занимающихся иностр. филологией. 2000.

3. Гуревич В.В. Стилистика английского языка. М., 2007.

4. Ивашкин М.П., Сдобников В.В., Селяев А.В. Практикум по стилистике английского языка. М., 2007.

5. Косоножкина Л.В. Практическая стилистика английского языка: анализ

художественного текста. Изд. МарТ, 2004.

6. Кошевая И. Т. Стилистика современного английского языка. М., 1999.

7. Кузнец М.Д., Скребнев Ю.М. Стилистика английского языка. Л., 1960.

8. Кухаренко В.А. Практикум по стилистике английского языка. М., 2009.

9. Нелюбин Л.Л. Лингвостилистика современного английского языка. М., 2008.

10. Разинкина Н.М. Функциональная стилистика английского языка. М., 1989.

11. Сенкевич М.П. Стилистика научной речи и литературное редактирование. М., 1984.

12. Ярцева В.Н. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. М., 1969.

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Введение..................................................................................................................... 3

Глава 1. ПОНЯТИЕ СТИЛЯ И СТИЛИСТИКИ...................................................4

Глава 2. ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

И ЕГО РАЗНОВИДНОСТИ......................................................................10

Глава 3. СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ВОКАБУЛЯРА............22

Глава 4. ТИПЫ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ СЛОВА.....................................33

Глава 5. СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ЯЗЫКА.......39

ТРОПЫ..........................................................................................................40

СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ФИГУРЫ................................................................63

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА............................78

Глава 6. ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТИЛИ.................................................................82

Рекомендуемая литература.......................................................................................107

Составитель: Н.В. Банина.